week 1- intro/cellular foundations of behaviour

Question 1

what is biological psych?

Answer 1

-a field of study that relates behaviour to the physical body, especially the brain
-primary focus on the central nervous system
-Main goal of field is to understand behaviour and experience in terms of biological substrates

Question 2

what is monism?

Answer 2

mental activity and certain type of brain activity are inseparable, mind and body are manifestations of a single substance

Question 3

what is dualism?

Answer 3

mind and body are distinct and non identical entities

Question 4

do people support monism or dualism?

Answer 4

-neuroscientists support monism NOT dualism

Question 5

Biological explanations of behaviour fall into what four categories?

Answer 5

Physiological- relates a behaviour to the activity of the brain and other organs
Evolutionary- reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behaviour
Ontogenetic- describes how something develops
Functional- describes why a structure or behaviour evolved as it did

Question 6

what are neurons

Answer 6

neurons receive information and transmit it to other cells

Question 7

label image 1

Answer 7

pink- dendrite
purple- cell body
dark blue- nucleus
green- axon
light blue- axon terminal
yellow- myelin sheath
orange- nodes of ranvier

Question 8

what are dendrites

Answer 8

Dendrites- short extensions that pass nerve impulses toward the cell body, it receives information

Question 9

what is the cell body

Answer 9

Cell body- (also called the soma) is the the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus, it processes and integrates information

Question 10

what is the nucleus

Answer 10

Nucleus- contains DNA

Question 11

what is an axon

Answer 11

Axon- Long extension of the neuron that passes nerve impulses away
from the cell body, it carries information across long distances from one part of the neuron to another

Question 12

what is the axon terminal

Answer 12

Axon Terminal- transmits information to another neuron

Question 13

what is the myelin sheath

Answer 13

Myelin Sheath- insulating material, it helps with speed of transmission

Question 14

what are the nodes of ranvier

Answer 14

Nodes of Ranvier- Short specialized regions of axon that are not insulated by myelin, it spreads electrical signal

Question 15

what is a nerve

Answer 15

bundle of axons travelling together
-nerves can be very long because they often need to transmit information across long distances

Question 16

what is a motor neuron

Answer 16

-has its soma in the spinal cord
-receives excitation from other neurons
-conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle or gland

Question 17

is a motor neuron efferent or afferent

Answer 17

efferent

Question 18

what is a sensory neuron?

Answer 18

-Is specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation (touch, light, sound, etc.)

Question 19

is a sensory neuron efferent or afferent

Answer 19

afferent

Question 20

what does afferent vs. efferent mean?

Answer 20

Afferent neurons carry information from sensory receptors found all over the body towards the central nervous system, whereas efferent neurons carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body in order to initiate an action

Afferent axon- brings information into a structure
Efferent axon- carries information away from a structure

Question 21

what is image 2? label it

Answer 21

a motor neuron

Question 22

what is image 3?

Answer 22

a sensory neuron

Question 23

what is it called when a cell’s dendrites and axon are entirely contained within a single structure?

Answer 23

the cell is an interneuron or intrinsic neuron of the structure

Question 24

what are the 4 types of glia?

Answer 24

-astrocytes
-microglia
-oligodendocytes
-radial glia

Question 25

what are astrocytes

Answer 25

-Help synchronize the activity of the axon by wrapping around the presynaptic terminal and taking up chemicals released by the axon
-Responsible for dilating blood vessels to bring more nutrients into brain areas with heightened activity

Question 26

what are microglia

Answer 26

-Remove waste material, viruses, and fungi from the brain
-Also remove dead, dying, or damaged neurons

Question 27

what are oligodendrocytes

Answer 27

-build the myelin sheath that surrounds and insulates certain vertebrae axons

Question 28

what are radial glia

Answer 28

-guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites during embryonic development

Question 29

does the behaviour follow properties of one neuron?

Answer 29

no

Question 30

what does behaviour emerge from?

Answer 30

the communication among neurons

Question 31

what is the blood brain barrier

Answer 31

-A mechanism that surrounds the brain and blocks most chemicals from entering – its the barrier between the blood stream and the brain, it only allows certain things through

Question 32

why is the blood brain barrier so important?

Answer 32

-Neurons in the brain generally do not regenerate SO it’s vitally important for the blood–brain
barrier to block incoming viruses, bacteria, or other harmful material from entering