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FINAL - PSYCH335 > Week 10, Ch. 10+11 > Flashcards

Week 10, Ch. 10+11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are three reasons why Prevention is not more common?

A
  1. Difficult to study
  2. Time consuming (takes years to show benefits)
  3. Little funding
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2
Q

Which prevention approach occurs most often in the form of education?

A

Universal

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3
Q

Which prevention approach targets an entire population?

A

Universal

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4
Q

A poster on Campus that says, “Feeling down? Reach out to our mental health professionals on Campus,” is associated most closely with what Prevention approach?

A

Universal

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5
Q

Wearing masks while feeling sick is an example of what Prevention approach?

A

Universal

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6
Q

Which Prevention approach is used to target a specific population of people who are at an elevated risk of developing mental illness?

A

Selective

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7
Q

Using screening tests to identify entering first graders with learning disabilities is an example of what Preventative approach?

A

Selective

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8
Q

Healthcare advertisements for at risk women during their first pregnancy is an example of what Preventative approach?

A

Selective

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9
Q

What population does the ‘Indicated’ Preventative approach target?

A

Those who do not meet criteria for a disorder, but who have an elevated risk and may show detectable, but subclinical signs, of of the disorder

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10
Q

Which Preventative approach is for very early prevention?

A

Indicated

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11
Q

Targeting youth who are at a high risk for acting out behaviour used what Preventative approach?

A

Indicative

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12
Q

What population does the Selective Preventative approach target?

A

Those who are at an elevated risk of developing a particular disorder

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13
Q

What factors help to mitigate the risk or occurrence of a disorder happening?

A

Protective

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14
Q

What are Risk Factors?

A

Characteristics or events that precede the occurrence of a hazard + may play a role in causing it or making it worse.

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15
Q

What are two examples of individual risk factors? (Hint: think diet & family)

A
  1. Poor nutrition
  2. Attachment problems
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16
Q

What are two examples of individual protective factors?

A
  1. Easy temperament
  2. Adequate nutrition
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17
Q

What model looks at reducing risks + promoting protective factors?

A

Risk Reduction Model

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18
Q

What is an incidence rate?

A

The number of new cases of a specific problem

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19
Q

What is the Number Needed to Treat?

A

The number of people who need to receive the intervention in order to prevent one person from developing the condition.

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20
Q

______________ (Effectiveness or Efficacious) describes the extent to which a prevention program achieves desired outcomes when used in an applied setting vs original research conditions.

A

Effectiveness

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21
Q

Which evidence-based parenting program provides nurse-visiting services to low-income teenage single mothers who are expecting their first child?

A

Home Visiting Programs

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22
Q

Which 2 things does the Home Visiting Program (service to low-income teenage mothers) reduce?

A
  1. Child abuse + neglect
  2. Number of arrests, convictions, SUDs, and sexual promiscuity by age 15
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23
Q

Which 2 things does the Home Visiting Program (service to low-income teenage mothers) improve?

A
  1. Labour force participation
  2. Economic self-sufficiency
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24
Q

What is the goal of the Incredible Years program?

A

To train parents in skills so they can effectively play w/ their child

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25
Q

Which evidence-based parenting program engages in providing praise for positive behaviours of children and using timeouts for unacceptable behaviours?

A

Incredible Years Program

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26
Q

Which evidence-based parenting program utilizes group disucssion and videotaped modelling?

A

Incredible Years Program

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27
Q

Which evidence-based parenting program used behavioural rehearsal techniques to promote adult-child development of social competence?

A

Incredible Years Program

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28
Q

The Incredible Years Program promotes _________ __________.

A

Good parenting

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29
Q

The Incredible Years program enhances children’s _________ ____________.

A

Social competence

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30
Q

The Incredible Years program prevents the development of _________ problems.

A

conduct

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31
Q

The Triple P Positive Parenting Program enhances what 3 qualities in parents?

A
  1. Knowledge
  2. Skills
  3. Confidence
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32
Q

What 2 things does the Triple P Positive Parenting Program promote?

A
  1. Safe environments for young people
  2. Children’s competence through positive parenting practices
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33
Q

The Triple P Positive Parenting Program uses positive parenting practices to promote children’s _________________.

A

competence

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34
Q

What evidence-based parenting program has an online version?

A

Triple P Positive Parenting Program

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35
Q

What evidence-based parenting program uses a multi-level system that provides interventions of gradually increasing intensity according to the level of need?

A

Triple P Positive Parenting Program

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36
Q

What are the 2 programs used for the prevention of violence?

A
  1. Anti-bullying program
  2. Fast Track program
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37
Q

In regards to the Anti-bullying programs, the most effective programs include what 3 things?

A
  1. Parent meetings
  2. Firm disciplinary methods in response to bullying
  3. Enhanced playground supervision
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38
Q

What preventative violence program decreases conduct disorder?

A

Fast Track program

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39
Q

How long is the Fast Track program?

A

10 years

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40
Q

What 3 components are included in the Fast Track program?

A
  1. Child
  2. Class
  3. Parent
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41
Q

What 3 things does the class component of the Fast Track program promote?

A
  1. Self-control
  2. Emotional awareness
  3. Social problem-solving
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42
Q

Which preventative violence program shows a reduction in the risk of developing psychiatric disorders?

A

Fast Track program

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43
Q

What 3 things does the child component of the Fast Track program promote?

A
  1. Academic success
  2. Emotional regulation
  3. Social skills
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44
Q

What 3 things does the parent component of the Fast Track program promote?

A
  1. Discipline
  2. Support of constructive behaviour
  3. Monitoring of activities
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45
Q

What 2 prevention approaches have the greatest effects in reduces symptoms + diagnoses of anxiety?

A

Indicated + Selective

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45
Q

What preventative approach provides little evidence in preventing depression?

A

Universal

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46
Q

Across lifespan, preventative intervention reduces incidences of depressive disorders by ____%.

A

22

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47
Q

Overall, research is better for ___-____ populations in terms of preventing internalizing disorders.

A

at-risk

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48
Q

What is crucial for success in the prevention of substance abuse?

A

Interactive programs

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49
Q

The prevention of substance abuse includes _______ development.

A

Skills

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50
Q

What type of intervention (ie. therapy approach) can have a positive impact for traumatized children and/or youth?

A

CBT

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51
Q

In preventing problems in those that are exposed to loss and trauma, it is important to emphasize skills to cope with _______ reactions.

A

Emotional

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52
Q

During CBT interventions for traumatized children/youth, it is important to _______ reactions to extreme situations and _______ avoidance of trauma-related stimuli.

A

Normalize; reduce

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53
Q

In programs intended to prevent problems in those exposed to loss and trauma, it is important to remember there is variability in what?

A

How people effectively deal with grief + loss

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54
Q

What are the 4 interrelated decisions in regards to seeking out therapy? (HINT: order of steps taken)

A
  1. Realizing there is a problem
  2. Deciding therapy may be valuable
  3. Actually deciding to seek therapy
  4. Contacting a therapist
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55
Q

Out of all psychotherapy clients, how many are female?

A

2/3

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56
Q

Out of all psychotherapy clients, how many have a university education?

A

1/2

57
Q

What age group are the majority of psychotherapy clients?

A

Young to middle-aged adults

58
Q

For the treatment of mental disorders, clients are ____x more likely to prefer psychological treatment to _____________.

A

3; medication

59
Q

What is the adopt, adapt, abandon principle?

A

If there is no evidence-based treatment available:
1. Adopt the one that is closest
2. Adapt it if necessary
3. Abandon if the evidence does not fit

60
Q

Majority of the people attend _____________ sessions.

A

< 10

61
Q

What percentage of clients end treatment prematurely?

A

20%

62
Q

What percent of people fail to follow up on a referral for psychotherapy?

A

50%

63
Q

Some studies show that only ____% of clients improve following therapy.

A

30

64
Q

Name 3 out of the 5 strategies that could increase attendance of therapy?

A
  1. Allow clients to choose therapist + appt time
  2. Use motivational interviewing techniques
  3. Prepare clients for what is required of them
  4. Use appt reminders
  5. Implement case management services for those severely distressed
65
Q

It is safe to say that overall, therapy is generally __________.

A

Effective

66
Q

What is the average dose of therapy sessions in the Hansen et al (2002) study?

A

12.7

67
Q

Therapy is at least as efficacious as psychotropic medication in the treatment of what two disorders?

A

Depression + Anxiety

68
Q

According to Smith + Glass, the average person receiving treatment is better off at the end of treatment than _____% of those who _________________________.

A

80%; did not receive treatment

69
Q

In the Smith + Glass study, the largest effect sizes were for what type of treatment?

A

CBT

70
Q

According to the Weisz et al study, which approach had the largest effect sizes for children?

A

Behavioural Approach

71
Q

What population receiving evidence-based psychotherapy has a better outcome than 60% of those receiving usual care?

A

Youth

72
Q

What describes a summary of scientific research that is designed to provide guidance to clinicians?

A

Clinical practice guidelines

73
Q

What population are clinical practice guidelines most helpful for?

A

A population you are less familiar with

74
Q

According to the Nathan + Gorman review, there is evidence supporting the use of _______ for a wide range of disorders.

A

CBT

75
Q

T/F : Informed consent must include how communication will happen between therapist + client.

A

T

76
Q

T/F : Informed consent should not share the alternative modalities of assessments or treatments.

A

F

77
Q

T/F : Informed consent should inform the client of required fees.

A

T

78
Q

T/F : Informed consent should inform the client of the mutual responsibilities of both client + therapist.

A

T

79
Q

What is important to clarify from the outset of services in terms of confidentiality?

A

What information confidentiality will maintain, and what informed will be shared with parents / authorities.

80
Q

In comparison to the assessment, the first session of therapy is often……

A

the first of many

81
Q

When starting off therapy, attend to the subtle aspects that may reinforce _____ __________.

A

power differences

82
Q

What are the 2 focus areas at the start of therapy?

A
  1. Building rapport w/ client
  2. Developing therapeutic relationship
83
Q

Engaged clients endorse treatment _______, participate to a __________ degree, and report higher levels of ________________.

A

goals; greater; satisfaction

84
Q

What are the 3 aspects of the therapeutic relationship?

A
  1. Understanding + empathy
  2. Acceptance + prizing
  3. Presence + genuineness
85
Q

What are 2 reasons for communicating empathic attunement?

A
  1. To check for accuracy
  2. Provide a sense of being understood
86
Q

Having an attitude of noncritical interest, consistency, and tolerance for all aspects of the client, fall under which aspect of the therapeutic alliance?

A

Acceptance + prizing

87
Q

Being transparent and in emotional contact falls under which aspect of the therapeutic alliance?

A

Presence + geniuneness

88
Q

What is empathic exploration?

A

Asking tentative questions to promote client self-exploration.

89
Q

What is empathic attunement?

A

Resonating with client’s experiences + focusing on what is central

90
Q

What therapy skill does demonstrating listening through nonverbal behaviour, such as body posture and nodding describe?

A

Active listening

91
Q

What word should you avoid using as a clinician?

A

But

92
Q

What therapy skills does pointing out themes or providing alternative meanings describe?

A

Interpretation

93
Q

Two therapy skills are _________ curiosity and acknowledging mistakes + _________(HINT: ends in ‘ing’).

A

Thoughtful; apologizing

94
Q

What is one of the greatest challenges for early clinicians?

A

Finding your identity as a therapist

95
Q

What does “Corrective Emotional Experience” mean?

A

As a therapist, you are representing both your own practice + mental health as a concept

96
Q

__________ does not guarantee a connection with your client.

A

Authenticity

97
Q

Paraphrasing, such as reflecting the content of what the client is saying, refers to what therapy skill?

A

Active listening

98
Q

Using language that is easily understood + explaining jargon is an example of what therapy skill?

A

Clear communication

99
Q

When starting off therapy it is important to attend to the therapy _________ + your _______

A

environment; presentation

100
Q

Why were prevention programs first established?

A

To prevent physical health problems

101
Q

Hand washing, quarantine, and mask-wearing are all examples of?

A

Prevention programs

102
Q

Efforts to introduce a healthy lifestyle are referred to as?

A

Health promotion

103
Q

Health promotion is designed to increase activities that are ___________ to many aspects of physical health.

A

beneficial

104
Q

Which branch of psychology focuses on reciprocal relations between individuals + the community in which they live?

A

Community Psychology

105
Q

When a behaviour is followed by a negative outcome, it is ____________ to be repeated.

A

less likely

106
Q

Which type of parents are more likely to drop out of treatment? (HINT: 3 types)

A
  1. Parents who argued a lot
  2. Depressed mothers
  3. Women who felt isolated
107
Q

Mental disorders ___________ the risk of physical illness.

A

increase

108
Q

Experts agree that the only sustainable way to reduce the burden of mental disorders is through ________________.

A

Prevention

109
Q

What programs are much more common than prevention programs?

A

Intervention programs

110
Q

Why should prevention programs be evaluated?

A

To determine whether they are meeting their goals

111
Q

What factors protect high-risk individuals from developing a problem or disorder?

A

Resilience factors

112
Q

Which is more difficult: assessing the effects of treatment intervention or determining efficacy of a prevention program?

A

Determining efficacy of a prevention program

113
Q

What is the number needed to treat for the regular use of Aspirin to prevent a heart attack?

A

1667

114
Q

__________ play a key role in their children’s socialization.

A

Parents

115
Q

Children’s functioning is challenged by ______ parenting, ________ in the family, and parental _____________.

A

poor; conflict; psychopathology

116
Q

What is one of the most common reasons as to why children are referred to mental health clinics?

A

Aggressive and noncompliant behaviour

117
Q

School-based interventions for youth violence have focused on what?

A

Bullying

118
Q

In which country was the first successful comprehensive school-based program to reduce bullying in children?

A

Norway

119
Q

Anxiety in childhood may be related to the development of ________ in young people.

A

Depression

120
Q

What is the number needed to treat for depression prevention programs?

A

22

121
Q

Problematic use of ________ is one of the main risk factors for poor health across the globe.

A

Alcohol

122
Q

What is the leading cause of adolescent morbidity and mortality?

A

Substance abuse

123
Q

T/F : Critical incident stress debriefing can sometimes be harmful and impede the natural recovery process.

A

T

124
Q

What is based on the faulty assumption that there is only one path to recovery and that beneficial effects can occur by imposing the same solution on everyone?

A

Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

125
Q

T/F : A substantial minority of bereaved children do not show any signs of adjustment problems.

A

T

126
Q

T/F : A person who does not show an overt grief reaction is an emotional time bomb that will one day experience a reaction.

A

F

127
Q

In most jurisdictions, which title is not licensed or restricted?

A

Psychotherapist

128
Q

What is the verbal form of consent?

A

Assent

129
Q

What programs try to frighten adolescents at risk for ongoing criminal behaviour?

A

“Scared Straight” programs

130
Q

“Scared Straight” programs ________ the odds of subsequent criminal behaviour.

A

increase

131
Q

_________ theories assume that individuals are prone to conflicts between the id and ego.

A

Psychodynamic

132
Q

The earliest application of behavioural therapy was ___________ conditioning in patient’s considered ____________.

A

Operant; untreatable

133
Q

A core element of CBT is the __________ monitoring of the client’s responses to treatment.

A

continuous

134
Q

In which therapy approach do therapists assume a very active role in service provision?

A

CBT

135
Q

What is the practice of asking questions that encourage the client to examine their beliefs and to be self-directed in skill acquisition?

A

Socratic Questioning

136
Q

People are 3x more likely to prefer ______________ ____________ over medication.

A

psychological treatment

137
Q

2/3 of Psychotherapy clients are __________.

A

female

138
Q

Across practice settings, countries, and client-presenting problems, the _________ of psychotherapy has been remarkably consistent for decades.

A

duration

139
Q

Most current treatments are designed to be short-term, ranging from 10-___ sessions.

A

30

140
Q

Early family approaches view the family as the _______ of the family member’s problem.

A

source

141
Q

Current family approach consider the family as an important part of the ________ to a family member’s problem.

A

solution

FINAL - PSYCH335 (3 decks)

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