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Pharmacology > Week 10: Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Week 10: Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the tissue that encloses the lung

A

The Visceral Pleura,

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2
Q

What is the name of the tissue that lines the chest cavity

A

The Parietal pleura

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3
Q

Is CO2 acidic or basic?

A

CO2 is very acidic

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4
Q

Define Hypercapnia

A

Difficulty getting rid of carbon dioxide, can build up in your blood

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5
Q

what do chemoreceptors do?

A

tell you how much air you need

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6
Q

what are the 7 pieces of subjective data we will do for respiratory assessment

A
  1. Cough (productive, is it dry or wet, what colour is the sputum)
  2. SOB
  3. Chest pain?
  4. History of respiratory illness
  5. Smoking history
  6. Environmental exposure
  7. self-care behaviours
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7
Q

What colour sputum would indicate pulmonary edema?

A

Pink, frothy sputum

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8
Q

what does barrel chest mean?

A

chest is distended and inflamed

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9
Q

What is the tripod position?

A

when someone is having difficulty breathing, they will lean forward so that they get a better breath

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10
Q

how many breaths per minute would indicate Tachypnea or hyperventilation

A

> 24 breaths per minute

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11
Q

how many breaths per minute would indicate bradypnea, what would be a common cause?

A

<10 breaths per minute, common cause would be increased intracranial pressure

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12
Q

What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations

A

irregular breaths, usually indicating severe heart failure at end of life

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13
Q

Are adventitious breath sounds normal?

A

Yes lol

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14
Q

what issues would cause someones breathing to sound like stridor?

A

usually from croup or a restricted upper airway

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15
Q

what are common conditions that would cause fine crackles (lung sounds)

A

Pneumonia, asthma, COPD

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16
Q

what type of lung sounds would you hear in a patient who is having pulmonary edema (or secretions in the air ways)

A

course crackles

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17
Q

what type of lung sounds would you find in a patient with bronchitis

A

low pitched wheeze

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18
Q

what are conditions that could cause a high pitched wheeze

A

COPD, Asthma

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19
Q

what is pleural rub, what does it sound like

A

When inflamed pleura rub against each other (sounds like leather rubbing together)

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20
Q

What does alveoli do for gas exchange?

A

Brings 02 from lungs to capillaries so that the O2 can then go into the blood, attach to haemoglobin, and go back out

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21
Q

which type of illness would cause poor gas diffusion

A

pneumonia

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22
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis

A

when there is too much CO2 in the lungs (they become v acidic)

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23
Q

What are ABG’s and what do they stand for?

A

Arterial Blood Gas is a lab value that checks for respiratory acidosis or alkalosis

24
Q

which type of scan would you use to assess for TB, tumours, oedema, and pleural effusions

A

a chest Xray

25
Q

which type of scan would you use to check for emboli

A

a CT scan

26
Q

which type of scan would you use to diagnose perfusion or ventilation

A

a VQ scan (ventilation perfusion scan)

27
Q

what scan is used to assess malignant nodules or cancer?

A

A PET scan

28
Q

Define COPD

A

Irreversible collection of lower airway disorders that interfere with airflow and gas exchange (ex. emphysema, chronic bronchitis, etc)

29
Q

What is emphysema

A

emphysema is a destructive problem in the lung elastic tissue that reduces its ability to recoil after stretching, leading to hyperinflation of the lung

30
Q

how does smoking lead to emphysema

A

Enzymes called proteases destroy foreign particles from your airway when you breathe in air. Smoking stimulates synthesis of proteases and tells them to destroy.
this causes lungs to be unable to fully collapse the way they should, which causes CO2 to be constantly trapped between alveoli (acidosis)

31
Q

how does smoking lead to chronic bronchitis

A

Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi caused by exposure to irritants. Smoking is an irritant

32
Q

what is Alfa 1 antitrypsin deficiency (AAT), what can it cause

A

a condition in which the body does not make enough of AAT, a protein that protects the lungs and liver from damage. The condition can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and liver disease (cirrhosis).

33
Q

what can cause Clubbing in fingers?

A

chronic bronchitis

34
Q

What are exacerbations?

A

Increase insecurity of disease with worsening clinical manifestations (often hospitalised)
- can be hypoxemia or acidosis

35
Q

what is cor pulmonale

A

right sided heart failure from pulmonary disease

36
Q

What do ABG’s test for

A

Hypoxemia, hypercapnia (high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood)

37
Q

what is hypercapnia

A

high levels of Carbon Dioxide in the blood

38
Q

why can we only keep O2 between 88-92% for COPD patients

A

we gotta keep them a little bit hypoxic so that chemoreceptors make you breathe in. (if there is too much oxygen chemoreceptors will slow down the RR)

39
Q

define asthma (is it chronic or acute)

A

It is a chronic disease in which reversible acute airway obstruction occurs intermittently, reducing airflow (treated similar to COPD patients)

40
Q

which two type of drugs would you use to treat asthma?

A

Glucocorticoids (principle anti-inflammatory), Beta 2 agonists (affects the heart)

41
Q

what are principle anti-inflammatory drugs?

A

glucocorticoids

42
Q

what are principle bronchodilators

A

Beta 2 agonists (affects heart and smooth muscle)

43
Q

which treatment for asthma (glucocorticoids or beta 2 agonists) is usually PRN by attack

A

Beta 2 agonists

44
Q

which drug is used to help breathing with pneumonia patients

A

salbuterol

45
Q

when should you give humidity with a patient receiving oxygen

A

4L/min or more

46
Q

describe oxygen toxicity

A

with high levels of oxygen, nitrogen is diluted causing alveoli to collapse

47
Q

what happens to the lungs if they’re on too much oxygen therapy

A

excess oxygen therapy causes stress on cells leading to damage and death of cells

48
Q

which gas exchange drug is used for inflammation

A

fluticasone

49
Q

which gas exchange drug can cause oral thrush

A

fluticasone

50
Q

what are the two bronchodilators we look at in gas exchage (which one is short acting and PRN, which one is long acting)

A

salbuterol: PRN for ongoing SOB
salmeterol: long term control, fixed schedule

51
Q

what is the MOA for bronchodilators

A

beta 2 agonists, provide symptomatic relief by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle

52
Q

what is the short acting form of tiotripium

A

ipratropium

53
Q

what is the MOA for anticholinergic drugs (like tiotropium)

A

improve lung function by blocking parasympathetic nervous symptom in bronchi

54
Q

what is tiotropium indications

A

to prevent wheezing and shortness of breath

55
Q

how does pneumonia impair ventilation

A
  • pneumonia is an infection in the lungs causing excess fluid in the lungs from inflammatory response
  • exudate develops and inflamed alveolar walls

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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