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Taste > Week 10 - Mechanisms for Taste Sensation of Cabonation > Flashcards

Week 10 - Mechanisms for Taste Sensation of Cabonation Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things does the chemical reaction of carbon dioxide give rise to?

A
  1. carbonates
  2. bicarbonates
  3. carbonic acid
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2
Q

the process of carbon dioxide dissolving in a liquid

A

carbonation

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3
Q

Carbonation is the water-mediated replacement of ____ minerals by ____ minerals in the Earth’s (or even Mars’) crust.

A

silicate
carbonate

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4
Q

True or false: Carbonation is a slow process

A

True

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5
Q

What is carbonation of concrete associated with?

A

loss of alkalinity of pore solution

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6
Q

a process by which carbon dioxide in the ambient air penetrates the concrete and reacts with the hydroxides, such as calcium hydroxide to form carbonates

A

carbonation

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7
Q

In the reaction between CO2 and calcium hydroxide, what is formed?

A

calcium carbonate

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8
Q

What does carbonation do to the alkalinity which protects the reinforcement bar in concrete?

A

reduces alkalinity

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9
Q

What does carbonation of concrete initiate?

A

deterioration of concrete

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10
Q

What is used to neutralize the alkalinity of the cement matrix in the concrete cover?

A

carbonic acid

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11
Q

What are the 4 sensory systems which respond to CO2?

A
  1. nociception
  2. olfaction
  3. chemoreception
  4. respiratory regulation
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12
Q

True or false: little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of carbonation perception in the mouth

A

true

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13
Q

Who was the chemist that impregnated water with “fixed air” aka what is now known as carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

Joseph Priestley in 1772

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14
Q

What constitutes the single largest source of calories in the contemporary american diet?

A

soft drinks

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15
Q

Carbonation acts as a complex gustatory stimulus, stimulating _____, ____, and _____ taste qualities simultaneously.

A

sour
sweet
bitter

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16
Q

In mammals, carbonation elicits what two responses?

A
  1. somatosensory
  2. chemosensory
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17
Q

Describe CO2 sensing in caenorhabitidis elegans

A
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18
Q

Describe CO2 sensing in drosphila melanogaster

A
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19
Q

Describe CO2 sensing in mammals

A
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20
Q

What are specifically involved in the sensory detection of CO2?

A

carbonic anhydrases

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21
Q

enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of carbon dioxide with carbonic acid

A

carbonic anhydrases

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22
Q

What is the function of carbonic anydrase IV (Car4)?

A

extracellular glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored enzyme

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23
Q

What cells is carbonic anhydrase IV (Car4) expressed in?

A

acid sensing taste receptor cells (TRCs)

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24
Q

What did the genetic ablation of the Car4 locus result in?

A

major deficit in gustatory CO2 sensation

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25
Q

What do carbonic anhydrases reversibly catalyze the conversion of?

A

CO2 into biocarbonate ions and free protons

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26
Q

A secondary gustatory pathway for CO2 detection is mediated by subpopulations of what two neurons?

A
  1. bitter
  2. sweet
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27
Q

Carbonic anhydrase VII (Car7) is specifically expressed by what 3 TRCs?

A
  1. sweet
  2. bitter
  3. umami
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28
Q

What does the presence of carbonation produce an overal decrease in?

A

sweetness-related signals from sucrose

29
Q

What 3 things is carbonic anhydrase activity involved in?

A
  1. respiratory regulation
  2. olfactory CO2 detection
  3. somatosensory CO2 detection
30
Q

What happens to the distinct “prickly” sensation when bubbles are eliminated?

A

prickly/bubbly sensation remains, indicating chemogenic origin rather than mechanical

31
Q

Describe 4 ways that bubbles trigger our senses.

A
  1. sour receptors - “clean” mouth by refreshing palate
  2. trigeminal nerve - “pain” response
  3. sense of temperature - sparkling water “more” refreshing than still at the same temperature
  4. gas bubbles can burst
32
Q

What is the main component of colas?

A

sugar-based corn syrup

33
Q

What is used to determine a soft drink’s sweetness?

A

sugar content

34
Q

What does the American Heart Association recommend that the daily intake of sugar be for adults, children and teens?

A

adult woman = 6 tsp
adult man = 9 tsp

children = 3 tsp

teens = 8 tsp

35
Q

How many beverages consumed in the United States is a soft drink?

A

1 out of every 4

36
Q

The average serving size of carbonated drinks has increased from 6.5 oz to ____ oz.

A

20 oz

37
Q

What is the average sugar consumption from soda for teenage boys and girls?

A

boys = 15 teaspoons
girls = 10 teaspoons

38
Q

Girls who drink carbonated beverages are ___ times more likely to have bone fractures than those who don’t because they don’t consume enough calcium daily.

A

5

39
Q

Carbonated soft drinks are the single biggest source of calories in the american diet, providing about ___% of calories

A

7%

40
Q

About what percentage of their calories do teenagers get from carbonated and noncarbonated soft drinks?

A

13%

41
Q

By 2030, ____% of all adults will be obese, costing an additional ____ billion in health care expenditures

A

42
550

42
Q

What two things does the basic process of carbonation involve?

A
  1. low temperature
  2. high pressure
43
Q

What happens to the rate at which gas molecules enter the solution when pressure increases?

A

rate of gas molecues increases

44
Q

What happens to the concentration of solute molecules at equilibrium if the pressure increases?

A

concentration increases

45
Q

What happens to solubility of a gas as pressure increases?

A

solubility increases

46
Q

Soft drinks are bottled under CO2 pressure greater than what?

A

1 atm

47
Q

What happens to the partial pressure of CO2 above the solution when the bottle is opened?

A

it decreases

48
Q

When a bottle is opened, what happens to the solubility of CO2?

A

it decreases which causes bubbles

49
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution

50
Q

What happens to the solubility of most solid solutes when temperature is increased?

A

it increases

51
Q

What happens to the solubility of gases in water as temperature increases?

A

solubility decreases

52
Q

What happens when you freeze soda?

A

it will burst because the water freezes and forces the CO2 out

53
Q

Describe the oral cavity and pH chemistry

A
54
Q

What is the pH of soda?

A

3.0

55
Q

Drinks with pH under 3.0 are labeled as

A

extremely erosive

56
Q

Drinks with a pH between 3.0 and 3.99 are labeled as

A

erosive

57
Q

Drinks with a pH above 4.0 were labeled as

A

minimally erosive

58
Q

The carbon dixodie which is injected into the solution to produce the fizz (carbonation), mixes with water to produce

A

carbonic acid

59
Q

What is used to check the level of carbonation?

A

pressure

60
Q

What is the major component in soda that ontributes to the low pH?

A

phosphoric acid

61
Q

Most soft drinks contain what two things which can weaken tooth enamel?

A
  1. phosphoric acid
  2. citric acid
62
Q

How long does acid attack the teeth each time a sugary beverage or snack is consumed?

A

at least 20 minutes

63
Q

Consumption of too many soft drinks has been linked with what 3 other medical problems?

A
  1. osteoporisis
  2. kidney stones
  3. obesity
64
Q

Acid in sugar drinks can cause tooth erosion even after

A

one sip

65
Q

provides fuel for bacteria causing tooth decay and also associated with plaque deposits in arteries

A

sugary drinks

66
Q

This happens when the tooth cannot be protected by its outside covering and is susceptible to damage, stains, and decay

A

enamel erosion

67
Q

What 3 things can cause enamel erosion?

A
  1. excessive soft drink consumption (high levels of phosphoric and citric acids)
  2. fruit drinks (high acidity)
  3. dry mouth or low salivary flow
68
Q

Describe blood gases and deep sea diving

A

Taste (9 decks)

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