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Pharmacology > Week 11: Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Week 11: Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

what is a normal pH range in our Bodies

A

7.35-7.45

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2
Q

what is volatile acid

A

gaseous product eliminated through lungs

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3
Q

Define acids

A

substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, increasing the amount of free hydrogen ions in a solution

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4
Q

Define Bases

A

substances that bind free hydrogen ions in solution,
they end up lowering the amount of free hydrogen ions in solution

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5
Q

what is the primary buffer system in the body to regulate acid and base balance

A

the carbonic acid- bicarbonate system

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6
Q

what is the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid in the Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system

A

20:1 (bicarbonate:carbonic acid)

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7
Q

which organ in the body will control bicarbonate concentration (selectively retains or excretes bicarbonate)

A

The kidneys

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8
Q

How would the body respond if there was carbonic acid excess?

A

the body would go into acidosis

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9
Q

what would happen if there was a carbonic acid deficit?

A

the body would go into alkalosis

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10
Q

what would happen if the body had a base bicarbonate deficit?

A

the body would go into acidosis

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11
Q

what would happen if the body had a base bicarbonate excess

A

the body would go into alkalosis

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12
Q

which system is second defence in maintaining acid base balance?

A

Respiratory system

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13
Q

how does the respiratory system compensate for a state of acidosis ?

A

increase the body’s respirations to get rid of carbon dioxide

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14
Q

how does the respiratory system compensate for a state of alkalosis?

A

The resp system will decrease respiratory rate and depth to retain CO2
carbonic acid will also increase to neutralise and decrease the strength of the excess bicarbonate (because there is likely too much bicarbonate)

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15
Q

how do the lungs work to maintain acid base balance (molecular level with hydrogen ions)

A

the lungs either hold in hydrogen ions to make the body more acidic,

or change the hydrogen ions into water molecules to be exhaled with carbon dioxide to make the body more alkalotic

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16
Q

how do the kidneys restore acid base balance

A

in a state of acidosis, the kidneys will restore bicarbonate by excreting hydrogen ions and retaining bicarbonate ions to make the body more alkalotic

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17
Q

how to excess hydrogen ions get excreted?(what form)

A

they get excreted in the urine (by the kidneys) in the form of phosphoric acid

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18
Q

What would a normal potassium- hydrogen balance look like?

how are they charged?

A

under normal conditions, there will be more potassium in the cell than in the ECF. Concentration of hydrogen ions will be low in both compartments

both have positive charge so they repel each other

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19
Q

what would potassium and hydrogen look like in a cell during acidosis?

A

during acidosis a bunch of hydrogen ions will be trying to get into the cell, this will push potassium ions out of the cell
this creates a relative hyperkalemia

20
Q

What would potassium and hydrogen look like in a cell during alkalosis?

A

in alkalosis, hydrogen ions will leave the cell, causing potassium to get forced into the cell.
this creates a relative hypokalaemia

21
Q

what type of symptoms will happen in a person with hyperkalemia?

A

vasodilation, decreased heart rate, no AP, acidosis

22
Q

what types of symptoms will occur in a patient with hypokalaemia?

A

excitable symptoms, vasoconstriction, AP, alkalosis

23
Q

what would cause respiratory acidosis?

A

patient is hypoventilating or is a CO2 retainer (COPD)

24
Q

what would cause metabolic acidosis?

A

acid excess in the body (exercise/fever)
bicarbonate deficit from kidney failure

25
Q

how would metabolic acidosis be corrected?

A

bicarbonate would need to be reabsorbed into blood and increased excretion of Hydrogen into urine

26
Q

Which organ system would compensate respiratory acidosis

A

Kidneys, they would reabsorb bicarbonate into the blood stream and increase excretion of hydrogen into the urine

27
Q

which organ system would compensate for metabolic acidosis

A

you would have respiratory composition, you would experience deep and rapid breaths as your body tries to get rid of carbonic acid through CO2

28
Q

what would someones heart rate look with acidosis?

A

acidosis = potassium pushed out of the cell = low heart rate

29
Q

what are some cardiovascular signs and symptoms of acidosis (heart rate, blood pressure, pulse)

A
  • bradycardia and heart block
  • hypotension
  • thready peripheral pulses
30
Q

what are some CNS signs of acidosis

A

usually depressed activity caused by high potassium

31
Q

What are Kussmaul respirations?

A

respiratory compensation in metabolic acidosis

32
Q

what would the integumentary system look like in metabolic acidosis

A

warm, dry, flushed

33
Q

what would the integumentary system look like in respiratory acidosis

A

pale/cyanotic, dry skin

34
Q

what causes respiratory alkalosis?

A

basically breathing out too much CO2, typically from hyperventilation

35
Q

how do the kidneys correct respiratory alkalosis

A

they could excrete bicarbonate through urine (same as metabolic)

36
Q

what would cause metabolic alkalosis

A

too little acid or too much bicarbonate, usually through intake of antacids or prolonged vomiting

37
Q

how would the respiratory system compensate for metabolic alkalosis

A

usually hypoventilation

38
Q

how would the kidneys correct metabolic alkalosis

A

they could excrete bicarbonate through urine (same as respiratory)

39
Q

what would someones heart rate look like in an alkalotic state?

A

they would have a high heart rate from the potassium rushing into the cells

40
Q

What are some CNS signs/symptoms of Alkalosis

A

increased activity, anxiety, paresthesias

41
Q

what body fluid sample do we use to determine what is going on with acid-base balance?

A

arterial blood gas, venous blood is usually more hypoxic but getting a sample of this hurts

42
Q

what does PaCO2 measure

A

measures amount of COs in the blood
tests how well lungs are excreting carbonic acid

43
Q

what does HCO3 measure

A

how well kidneys are excreting carbonic acid
(measures the amount of bicarbonate in the arterial blood)

44
Q

what does Pa02 measure?

A

the amount of oxygen in the arterial blood

45
Q

what does a high PaCO2 level indicate?

A

acidosis

46
Q

what does a high HCO3 indicate?

A

Alkalosis

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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