Week 11 UAS

Question 1

What is Distributed Database?

Answer 1

A logically interrelated collection of shared data (and a description of this data), physically distributed over a computer network.

Question 2

What is Distributed DBMS?

Answer 2

Software system that permits the management of the distributed database and makes the distribution transparent to users.

Question 3

What is Distributed processing?

Answer 3

A centralized database that can be accessed over a computer network

Question 4

What is Parallel DBMS?

Answer 4

A DBMS running across multiple processors and disks that is designed to execute operations in parallel, whenever possible, in order to improve performance.

3 main architectures for parallel DBMS:

1. shared memory is a tightly coupled architecture in which multiple processors within a single system share system memory.
2. shared disk is a loosely couple architecture optimized for applications that are inherently centralized and require high availability and performance.
3. shared nothing is a multiple-processor architecture in which each processor is part of a complete system, with its own memory and disk storage.

Question 5

Advantages of Distributed DBMS?

Answer 5

1. Reflects organizational structure
2. Improved shareability and autonomy
3. Improved availability
4. Improved reliability
5. Improved performance
6. Economics
7. Modular growth
8. Integration
9. Remaining competitive

Question 6

Disadvantages of Distributed DBMS?

Answer 6

1. Complexity
2. Cost
3. Security
4. Integrity control more difficult Lack of standards
5. Lack of experience
6. Database design more complex

Question 7

Types of DDBMS?

Answer 7

1. Homogeneous DDBMS

3. Heterogeneous DDBMS

Question 8

What is Multidatabase system?

Answer 8

A distributed DBMS in which each site maintains complete autonomy

Question 9

Functions of a DDBMS?

Answer 9

1. Extended communication services.
2. Extended Data Dictionary.
3. Distributed query processing.
4. Extended concurrency control.
5. Extended recovery services.

Question 10

3 key factors in Distributed Database Design?

Answer 10

1. Fragmentation
   Relation may be divided into a number of sub-relations, which are then distributed.
2. Allocation
   Each fragment is stored at site with “optimal” distribution.
3. Replication
   Copy of fragment may be maintained at several sites.

Question 11

Why fragment?

Answer 11

1. Usage
   Applications work with views rather than entire relations.
2. Efficiency
   Data is stored close to where it is most frequently used. Data that is not needed by local applications is not stored.
3. Parallelism
   With fragments as unit of distribution, transaction can be divided into several subqueries that operate on fragments.
4. Security
   Data not required by local applications is not stored and so not available to unauthorized users.

Disadvantages

1. Performance, may be slower
2. Integrity, because data and functional dependencies are fragmented and located at different sites.

Question 12

3 correctness rules in Fragmentation?

Answer 12

1. Completeness,
2. Reconstruction,
3. Disjointness.

Question 13

4 types of fragmentation?

Answer 13

1. Horizontal,
2. Vertical,
3. Mixed,
4. Derived.

Question 14

4 main types of transparency in a DDBMS?

Answer 14

1. distribution transparency
   a. Fragmentation Transparency
   b. Location Transparency
   c. Replication Transparency
   d. Local Mapping Transparency
   e. Naming Transparency
2. transaction transparency
   a. Concurrency transparency
   b. Failure transparency
3. performance transparency
4. DBMS transparency

Question 15

Date’s 12 Rules for a DDBMS?

Answer 15

1. Local Autonomy
2. No Reliance on a Central Site
3. Continuous Operation
4. Location Independence
5. Fragmentation Independence
6. Replication Independence
7. Distributed Query Processing
8. Distributed Transaction Processing
9. Hardware Independence
10. Operating System Independence
11. Network Independence
12. Database Independence

last four rules are ideals