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PYB215 forensic psych > week 11: victims > Flashcards

week 11: victims Flashcards

1
Q

what are the types of quality of life measures

A

generic quality of life measures
health-related quality of life measures

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2
Q

what are the categories of the quality of life framework

A

social material conditions
role functioning
life satisfaction and wellbeing

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3
Q

what is role functioning talking about

A

social functioning eg. friends
occupational functioning eg. work
interpersonal functioning eg. relationships

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4
Q

what can life satisfaction and wellbeing include

A

happiness
aspiration and achievements
positive experiences and feelings
absence of negative experiences and feelings
emotional maturity

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5
Q

measures surrounding life satisfaction is generally

A

subjective

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6
Q

what can social-material conditions include

A

employment
income
housing
health costs
healthcare utilisation
employer costs

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7
Q

what are some examples of healthcare utilisation for social-material conditions

A

victims may not seek health care due to:
distrust of authority
fear of institutional settings
fear of people in uniform

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8
Q

what are some examples of employer costs for social-material conditions

A

may not be comfortable around working with men
high absent
panic attacks

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9
Q

how common is crime

A

relatively rare

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10
Q

what is the common trend for crime

A

most crimes have been declining since the 1970s

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11
Q

what are the general crime types

A

personal victimisation
property victimisation

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12
Q

what are personal victimisation crimes

A

crimes against persons

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13
Q

examples of personal victimisation crimes

A

assault
sexual offences
homicide

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14
Q

what is property victimisation crimes

A

crimes against property

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15
Q

examples of property victimisation

A

house break in
theft

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16
Q

what does Janoff-Bulmans cognitive theory of trauma believe

A

post-traumatic stress following victimisation may be due to the shattering of three basic assumptions victims hold of themselves, other people and the world

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17
Q

what are the 3 beliefs victims may hold which can lead to post traumatic stress

A

benevolence of the world
meaningfulness of the world
self worth

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18
Q

what areas of a persons wellbeing can experience problems after criminal victimisation

A

physical
behavioural
psychological

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19
Q

what are some examples of physical symptoms from criminal victimisation

A

injury
psychosomatic symptoms

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20
Q

what are some examples of behavioural symptoms from criminal victimisation

A

withdrawal
avoidance
hypervigilance
substance abuse

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21
Q

what are some examples of psychological symptoms from criminal victimisation

A

mood (depression and anxiety)
stress (post-traumatic stress disorder too)
shame
fear

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22
Q

mental health effects lead to impacts across several key quality of life domains including:

A

role functioning
life satisfaction and wellbeing
social-material conditions

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23
Q

examples of mental health impact on role functioning

A

parent- reduced patience and motivation
partner- conflict, reduced intimacy
employee- lower performance, unemployment
friend- withdrawal, isolation

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24
Q

examples of mental health impact on life satisfaction and wellbeing

A

fear of crime
concerns for personal safety
happiness

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25
Q

examples of mental health impact on social-material conditions

A

direct effects on health and legal costs in the case of physical injury
indirect effects on employers due to employee attrition, low productivity, general costs to the system

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26
Q

Prevalence of depression in victims is greater in:

A

females
older victims

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27
Q

what percentage of Norweign victims met the criteria for anxiety and depression

A

44%

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28
Q

what percentage of American victims of sexual violence had been diagnosed with depression

A

18.82%

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29
Q

what percentage of American victims of sexual violence had been diagnosed with anxiety disorder

A

8.37%

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30
Q

what percentage of American victims of sexual violence had been diagnosed with both depression and anxiety

A

28.28%

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31
Q

what symptoms did victims of sexual violence experience with their mental health

A

significantly more days with poor concentration
sleep difficulties
poor appetite
little interest of pleasure in activities
blaming themselves
having little enegery

32
Q

what are the symptoms of PTSD

A

intrusive thoughts and memories of past crimes
efforts to avoid thinking about it
trouble sleeping
difficulty concentrating, hypervigilance, irritability
negative alterations in cognitions and mood eg. poor self esteem

33
Q

what percentage of Norweign victims of physical violence scored probable in PTSD

A

33%

34
Q

what percentage of American victims of physical crimes met the criteria for PTSD 6 months post crime

A

20.3%

35
Q

what victims have worse PTSD symptoms

A

victims who perceive the crime as beyond their control

36
Q

when did victims have less PTSD symptoms

A

when the victims felt they had an element of control

37
Q

what is related to PTSD

A

fear
withdrawal
avoidance

38
Q

what does experiencing crime increase the risk of

A

being victimised again in the future

39
Q

when does most repeat burglary victimisation occur

A

within 1-2 months of the first victimisation

40
Q

what leads to social withdrawal for victimisation/PTSD

A

avoidance of reminders of crime such as places, people, environments, situations

41
Q

why do people get robbed again so soon after the original crime

A

because they know you had to replace the items

42
Q

what are some benefits for victim interaction with the criminal justice system

A

empowerment
closure
satisfaction (varies)
acknowledgement
validation

43
Q

how can victim interaction with the criminal justice system be re-traumatising

A

reliving events
encountering offender
cross-examination

44
Q

why might people be reluctant to report crimes

A

misunderstanding of court procedures
shame esp sexual and violent crimes
fear of retribution by offender
fear of further violence or harm
fear of losing children
mistrust in cjs
lack of culturally sensitive victim support
lack of anonymity or confidentiality

45
Q

what are some system related barriers that result in non-reporting of crimes

A

police would not or could not do anything
police didn’t think it was serious enough
fear of not being believed by the police
lack of evidence/proof
did not know how to report

46
Q

who accounts for a disproportionate number of victims

A

minority groups

47
Q

what do minority groups experience

A

victimisation on a number of levels
other forms of disadvantage and social exclusion

48
Q

where does minority victimisation derive from

A

their identity
marginal status
structural powerlessness

49
Q

what percentage of minority victims reported the crime

A

15-20%

50
Q

why are victims reluctant to report crimes

A

victims anticipate lack of concern
fear secondary victimisation
fear hostility, further abuse or inaction

51
Q

what are victimised minority groups not adequately accounted for in

A

official stats or victime surveys

52
Q

what are the 5 distinct types of harm associated with crime related to culture, ethnicity and race

A

harm to the initial victim
harm to the victims group
harm to the victims wider group
harm to other targeted communities
harm to societal norms and values

53
Q

how often do indigenous australians experience violence

A

2-5x more than non-indigenous

54
Q

what percentage of violence against indigenous women are not disclosed

A

90%

55
Q

what is selective policing

A

law enforcement officers taking less seriously the victimisation of indigenous persons
not fitting stereotypical image of female victims

56
Q

what types of criminal victimisation are people with disabilities likely to experience

A

physical/personal
property
sexual

57
Q

why is the prevalence of disabled people victimisation likely to be underestimated

A

impaired judgement from intellectual disabilities
deficits in adaptive behaviour
accompanying physical disabilities, including limited speech
high-risk environments
their frequent contact with unscrupulous care-givers, friends and family
lack of knowledge about their rights
the attraction of some abusers to environments in which they will encounter vulnerable victims

58
Q

what does intellectual impairment alone not predict

A

vulnerability to criminal behaviour

59
Q

when are people with disabilities more at risk

A

3x higher when they live alone or with other disabled people

60
Q

how is crimes against disabled people usually reported

A

by others

61
Q

why are disabled children more vulnerable to victimisation

A

because of dependence on caregivers

62
Q

why are children with disabilities less likely to report

A

language, cognitive ability, lack of contact with others, social isolation

63
Q

what are some risk factors for children with disabilties

A

child maltreatment
harsh parenting
witnessing interparental violence
alcohol and drug use
violent delinquency
frequent internet use

64
Q

what are children with disabilities more likely to experience

A

child abuse and sexual abuse from care givers or parents

65
Q

what percentage of physically disabled girls have experienced contact sexual violence

A

25.95%

66
Q

how does the number of physically disabled girls experiencing contact sexual violence compare to able bodied girls

A

1.29 times more likely

67
Q

what percentage of physically disabled boys have experienced contact sexual violence

A

18.50%

68
Q

how does the number of physically disabled boys experiencing contact sexual violence compare to able-bodied boys

A

2.78 times more likely

69
Q

what is the lifetime prevalence of non-contact sexual violence for girls with physical liabilities

A

48.11%

70
Q

what is the lifetime prevalence of non-contact sexual violence for boys with physical liabilities

A

31.76%

71
Q

how does the number of physically disabled boys experiencing noncontact sexual violence compare to able-bodied boys

A

1.95 times more likely

72
Q

how does the number of physically disabled boys experiencing contact sexual violence compare to able-bodied girls

A

1.44 times more likely

73
Q

what gender is physical disability a significant predictor of both contact and noncontact sexual violence

A

boys not girls

74
Q

example of noncontact sexual violence/victimisation

A

grooming
showing porn

75
Q

impacts of victimisation to children

A

emotional and behavioural disturbances
sexualised behaviour
attachment relationship dysfunction
learning and schooling difficulties
difficulties with friendships
intergenerational trauma

PYB215 forensic psych (10 decks)

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