Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geology > Week 13 lecture > Flashcards

Week 13 lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is geography?

A

Geography is a way of inquiring about the places that make our world. It answers questions about why places are like they are, their differences and similarities, how and why they are changing and the significance in our lives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 4 examples of physical geography?

A
  • biogeography
  • climatology
  • geomorphology
  • soilsgeography
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name 4 examples of cultural geography.

A
  • economic geography
  • historical geography
  • behavioural geography
  • medical geography
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define spacial geography

A

Spatial geography is the spatial analysis of the physical elements and process systems the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 earths spheres?

A
  • atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define atmosphere

A
  • refers to the gases surrounding a star or planetary body held in place by gravity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define lithosphere

A

The earths lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle which constitute the hard and rigid layer of the outer earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define hydrosphere

A

All the water that is on the surface of the planet, underground and in the air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define biosphere

A

The regions of the surface and atmosphere of a planet occupied by living organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 4 parts of the earths core?

A
  • the crust
  • the mantle
  • outer core
  • inner core
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What it the difference between the oceanic and continental crust?

A

Oceanic crust is denser and made up from Mg and Fe rich minerals (mafic)
Continental is lighter and made up from silica rich (felsic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Label an Earths core.

A

Check diagram.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are 4 roles of a geosphere?

A
  • contributor of particulate matter and atmosphere gases
  • source of nutrients
  • plate movements open/closes land masses
  • contributor of salts to the ocean due to the ions being released from weather rock.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 types of tectonic plates?

A
  • divergent, convergent and transform.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a basic definition of a divergent boundary? Draw a simple diagram.

A

Two plates move away from the axis of mid-ocean trench.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a basic definition of a convergent boundary? Draw a simple diagram.

A

two plates more towards each other. Down going sinks beneath over riding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a basic definition of a transform boundary? Draw a simple diagram.

A

two plates side past each other on the vertical fault surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List 5 landforms that can be created through plate tectonics.

A
  • trenches
  • mountain belts
  • ridges
  • volcanic arcs
  • volcanic island arcs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Draw where the ring of fire is on a map

A

refer to notes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define plate boundaries.

A

Primary cause of landform development is horizontal movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define plate interiors.

A

Landform development believed to be mainly due to vertical movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are tectonic plates made from?

A
  • comprised of the earths crust

- contains rock of various types and hardness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When does a hot spot form?

A

They arise when unusually hot mantle at the base of lithosphere cause thermal anomaly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the definition of a ‘hot spot’?

A

A small area with relatively high temperature in comparison to its surrounding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are continental rifts?

A
  • They create rift valleys and passive margins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How are passive margins formed?

A
  • they follow continental rifts
  • land masses move far from oceanic ridge they cool and sink
  • ocean flows over land mass and we get continental shelf + beach formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do continental basins form?

A

they occur by downward movement of crust in association with uplift of surrounding regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are fault lines?

A

Fractures in the Earths crust where rocks on either side of the crust slide past each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do fault lines form?

A

Can occur in plate interior and may be associated with earth quakes.

30
Q

What are the 4 different type of fault lines? List and draw.

A

Normal, reverse, strike slip and oblique.

31
Q

What are 2 fluvial landforms not associated with plate boundaries?

A

River valleys = form from erosion of rock being carried down stream. Evolve from high energy with steep valley sides to low energy.
Terraces = Form when periods of sedimentation vs erosion moves in cycles.

32
Q

Define a mineral.

A

A naturally occuring, inorganic sold with a specific chemical composition and crystalline structure.

33
Q

Define a rock.

A

An aggregate of two or more minerals.

34
Q

How is igneous rock formed and what are the two kinds?

A
  • Formed from molten rock.
  • Plutonic (intrusive) - slow cooling and crystallisation
  • Volcanic (extrusive) - quick cooling at the surface
35
Q

Where is sedimentary rock formed and what are the two types?

A
  • formed at the earths surface
  • Clastic = mineral fragments or grains, clays.
  • chemical = crystalline chemical/biochemical precipitates
36
Q

How does metamorphic rock form and what are the two types?

A
  • changed by pressure, temperature and fluids

- foliated/non foliated

37
Q

Define weathering

A

Is the group of destructive processes that change physical and chemical character of rocks at or near the Earth’s surface.

38
Q

Define erosion

A

The physical picking up a rock particles by water, ice or wind.

39
Q

Define transportation

A

Is the movement eroded particles by water, ice or wind.

40
Q

List the rock cycle

A
  1. Magma is created by the melting of rock above a subduction zone.
  2. Less dense magma rises and cools to form igneous rock
  3. Igneous rock exposed at surface gets weathered into sediment
  4. sediments are transported to low areas, buried and hardened into sedimentry rock
  5. sedimentary rock is heated and squeezed at depth to form metamorphic rock
  6. metamorphic rock may heat up and melt to form magma
41
Q

How does the atmosphere affect weathering?

A
  • oxygen and carbon dioxdide are critical to chemical weathering
  • water cycled through atmosphere is critical to chemical and mechanical weathering processes
  • air in soil contrubites to biological action that can product chemical and mechanical weathering
42
Q

How does the hydrosphere affect weathering?

A
  • water is necessary for chemical weathering
  • oxygen dissolved in water oxidizes iron in rocks
  • carbon dioxide dissolved in water creates carbonic acid (primary cause of chemical weathering)
  • running walk loosens and abrades particles
  • glacial ice removes and abrades particles
43
Q

How does the biosphere affect weathering?

A
  • Plant root growth widens crack
  • human and animal foot traffic mechincally affect weather
  • decaying organic matter in soils produces acidic soil moisture
44
Q

List and describe some factors that affect weathering

A
  • some rock material is porous (allows weathering agent to break down rock and cab be spaces between grains , joints or bedding plains)
  • some rocks are permeable (limestone- weathering agents like water can flow through)
  • slope (force of gravity - water on steep slope vs gentle)
  • temperature (high temp can speed up reaction rate)
45
Q

What are some examples of mechanical weathering?

A
  • physical disintegration
  • front action, abrasion, pressure-release fracturing, plant growth, salt wedging, burrowing animals
  • there is no chemical change to rock
46
Q

What are some examples of chemical weathering?

A
  • decomposition of rock from exposure to atmospheric gases
  • new chemical compounds form ‘
  • hydrolysis, hydration, oxidation and dissolution
47
Q

Define soils

A

the solid material on the Earths surface that results from the interaction of weathering and biological activity on the parent material or underlying rock

48
Q

Define soil profile

A

the changes in physical and chemical properties from the surface ti the base of the soil material

49
Q

What are some soil forming factors?

A
  • parent material
  • climate
  • trees
  • topography
  • organisms
50
Q

What is soil made from?

A

25% air, 45% mineral particles, 25% water and 5% organic matter

51
Q

What are some of the processes that take place in soil?

A
  • weathering
  • leaching
  • capillary action
  • translocation
  • decomposition
52
Q

Define capillary action

A

Where evaporation exceeds precipitation, moisturemoves upwards within soil profile

53
Q

What is leaching?

A
  • continual leaching removes basic cations from soil

- leaching most active in sandy soils which high porosity

54
Q

What is translocation?

A

the movement of material in solution of suspenion from one horizon to another

55
Q

Soils typically have 4 horizons. Draw a small diagram to explain the layers within.

A

Refer to notes.

56
Q

The atmosphere has four thermal layers, what are they?

A

Troposphere (0-12km)
Stratosphere (12-50km)
Mesosphere (50-80km)
Thermosphere (80-700km)

57
Q

Where does weather occur

A

In troposphere and lower stratosphere

58
Q

What is the general circulation model?

A

CMs depict the climate using a three dimensional grid over the globe, having a horizontal resolution of between 250 and 600 km, 10 to 20 vertical layers in the atmosphere and sometimes as many as 30 layers in the oceans.

59
Q

What are the three main wind zones?

A

Easterlies, westerlies and trade.

60
Q

Provide a description of polar Easterly wind.

A
  • in regions above 60N and below 60 S.
  • winds blow from east
  • cold and dry
61
Q

Provide a description of a westerly wind

A
  • form on the pole ward sides of subtropical highs
  • wind system of the mid-lat between 30* and 60*
  • known as the roaring 40s of the southern ocean
62
Q

Provide a description of trade winds

A
  • diverage from subtropical hights (STC)
  • exist between 25N and 25S
  • highly reliable “winds of commerce”
63
Q

Define the word albedo in regards to latitude and seasonal changes in heating.

A

Albedo: amount of solar radiation reflected into space by the Earths Surface (0.3-30%).

64
Q

Define angle of incidence in regards to latitude and seasonal changes in heating.

A

Angle at which rays from the sun strike Earths atmosphere and surface, which is influenced by curvature of the earth and the rotation around axis as it revolves around sun

65
Q

Define atmospheric obstructions in regards to latitude and seasonal changes in heating.

A

Clouds, particulate matter and gas molecules and has molecules absorb, reflect or scatter insolation

66
Q

Define day length in regards to latitude and seasonal changes in heating.

A

The longer the day, the more isolation can be received and the more heat can be absorbed

67
Q

What is dew?

A
  • It usually originates from terrestrial radiation

- moisture consendation on surfaces that have been cooled to saturation

68
Q

What is frost?

A

Simply put, it is a cloud on the ground. Occurs when air temperature lowers to saturation point, when the saturation point is below 0.

69
Q

What are 5 types of precipitation?

A
  • rain
  • snow
  • sleet
  • glaze
  • hail
70
Q

What is acid rain?

A

involves either the wet or dry deposition of acidic materials from the atmosphere onto Earth’s surface; preciptation with a pH less then 5.6

Geology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions