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L4 Molecular Microbiology > Week 2: Geomicrobiology 3 > Flashcards

Week 2: Geomicrobiology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How do microbes act as geomicrobial agents?

A

physical and biochemical mechanisms involved

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2
Q

What are 3 of the physical effects exerted by microbes?

A
  • By creating anaerobic conditions by consuming oxygen in a closed space or in an open space into which air (O2) diffuses more slowly than O2 is consumed
  • By raising or lowering environmental pH
  • By pressure exerted by growing biomass in small rock cracks and fissures

or a combo of these activities

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3
Q

What is believed to be more significant, physical or biochemical?

A

biochemical effects

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4
Q

What has the most influence on geological processes?

A

physiological

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5
Q

What are some examples of bicochemical effects which involve physiological processes?

A

Enzyme catalysis

Action by organic or inorganic products of metabolism

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6
Q

What does enzymatic catalysis involve? (biochemical action)

A

-mainly oxidases or reductases in case of minerals
-range of enzymes for C(organic) synthesis and degradation

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7
Q

What does action by organic or inorganic products of metabolism involve? (biochemical effects)

A

acids, bases, chelators, surface active agents

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8
Q

What effects he biochemical effects?

A

metabolism

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of metabolism?

A

catabolism and catabolism

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10
Q

Describe anabolism

A

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.

simple combine to make complex and use energy to do so

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11
Q

Describe catabolism

A

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.

energy yielding

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12
Q

What are examples of organic polymers made form anabolism?

A

protein saccharides, nucleic acids, lipids and inorganic polymers

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13
Q

What re examples of inorganic polymers made from anabolism?

A

silicates and phosphates

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14
Q

What does ctabolism supply?

A

the building blcoks for polymers ( anabolsim)

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15
Q

What does catabolism supply?

A

the building blcoks for polymers ( anabolsim)

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16
Q

What the prodcts of anabolism make?

A

fossil fuels (peat, cole, oil)
siliceous sediments

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17
Q

What can the products of catabolism make?

A

large-scale iron, manganese and sulphur oxidation

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18
Q

Do anabolism and catabolism play a geomicrobial role?

A

possibly

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19
Q

Is there versatility in metabolic processes?

A

yes

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20
Q

Why do eukaryotes have metabolic versatility?

A

Eukaryotic versatility generally related to structure and the behaviours possible because of such structures

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21
Q

How limited is eukaryotic metabolism?

A

Eukaryotic metabolism relatively limited – photosynthesis (algae), organic carbon, O2 is the predominant oxidant

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22
Q

How do prokaryotes have metabolic versatility?

A

metabolism

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23
Q

Are EUK or PRO more metabolically versatile?

A

PRO

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24
Q

Why is there a separate vocabulary for PRO when describing metabolism?

A

highly versatile of metabolism

Requires a separate vocabulary for describing different metabolic groups based on energy source (light or chemical), though many overlaps

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25
Q

Why is metabolic versatility required in bacteria?

A

Bacteria therefore reside in a wide array of environments using a large variety of energy sources and oxidants not available to eukaryotes

26
Q

Can multiple energy source be used by prokaryotic organisms?

A

YES

27
Q

What ae types of metabolic processes used?

A
  1. Lithotrophs
  2. photolithotrophy,
  3. chemolithotrophy,
  4. heterotrophy,
  5. photoheterotrophs,
  6. chemoheterotrphs
  7. mixotrophy.
28
Q

What is lithotroph?

A

assimilate carbon as CO2, HCO3- or CO32-

29
Q

What is photolithotrophs?

A

derive energy from photosynthesis

30
Q

What are chemolithotrophs?

A

derive energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds. Usually oxidized by oxygen but also possible to use other electron acceptors during anaerobic respiration

31
Q

What is heterotrophy?

A

assimilate organic carbon

32
Q

What is photoheterotrophy?

A

derive energy from photosynthesis

33
Q

What are chemoheterotrophs?

A

derive energy from oxidation of organic compounds

34
Q

What is mixotrophy?

A

some microbes may derive energy from simultaneous oxidation of carbon or inorganic compounds, or from CO2 and organic carbon, or from oxidation of an inorganic compound and carbon from organic compounds.

35
Q

Are most eukaryotes aerobic or anaerobic?

A

some yeasts can grow by fermentation

36
Q

What is the chemiosmotic theory?

A

How Living Organisms Harvest Chemical (Redox) Energy from the Environment and Conserve it as Biologically-Useful Energy (ATP)

37
Q

How many phases are there in the chemiosmotic theory?

A

3

38
Q

Describe the basic features of phase 1 of the chemiosmotic theory

A

a semi-permeable membrane which can separate charges

39
Q

Describe the basic features of phase 2 of the chemiosmotic theory

A

an e- transport chain in which H-carriers and e- carriers alternate in the flow of reducing power from substrate to oxidant – as e- flow, H+ are pumped to outside of membrane creating the pmf

40
Q

Describe the basic features of phase 3 of the chemiosmotic theory

A

An enzyme to convert pmf into energy, here an ATPase – allows H+ flow back inside and uses the energy to synthesise ATP

41
Q

Where is the ETC located in PRO?

A

plasma membrane

42
Q

What is the benefit of the ETC being located in the plasma membrane?

A

if a bacterium has the appropriate oxidoreductases (enzymes that transfer H atoms or e-) it can oxidize or reduce insoluble substances, e.g. elemental S, iron sulphide, iron oxide, manganese oxide

Because essential enzymes are located in the plasma membrane, periplasmic space or even the outer membrane, they can make direct contact with the substrate

43
Q

Where is the ETC located in EUK?

A

In eukaryotes, ETC located in mitochondria and therefore lacks direct access to insoluble substances

44
Q

In aerobic respiration, what is the terminal e- acceptor?

A

O2

45
Q

In anaerobic respiration, what is the terminal e- acceptor?

A

other reducible compounds, e.g. NO3-, SO42-, S, CO2, Fe(OH)3, MnO2 or organics, e.g. fumarate, serve as terminal electron acceptors –

archaea and some bacteria

46
Q

What organisms use different e- acceptors in anaerobic respiration?

A

archaea and some bacteria

47
Q

In what type of respiration is organic matter completely broken down/oxidised?

A

aerobic

48
Q

What are the products in aerobic respiration?

A

H2O AND CO2

49
Q

What happens to organic matter in aerobic respiration?

A

N, S and P

–> NO3-, SO42- and PO43-

50
Q

What act as the terminal e- acceptors in anaerobic respiration?

A

NO3-, Fe(III), Mn(IV), SO42-, CO2

51
Q

What are the products of organic matter degradation?

A

CH4 and/or CO2, H2, NH3, PO43-

52
Q

What organism catalyse anaerobic respiration?

A

single organism or consortia

53
Q

What can dictate the breakdown of organic matter?

A

In some environments, organic matter may accumulate if above processes inhibited or if organics are recalcitrant (very resistant microbial breakdown)

54
Q

In soil, where is oxygen most concentrated?

A

surface

55
Q

What is a sediment?

A

sediment is solid material that is moved and deposited in a new location. Sediment can consist of rocks and minerals, as well as the remains of plants and animals

56
Q

Is O2 apparent in sediments?

A

oxygen is absent in many sediments

57
Q

In soil, where is aerobic respiration and organism located?

A

surface as it where oxygen is predominant

58
Q

From the surface to more in depth in sediment, what are the e- acceptors used?

A

oxygen (easiest to use)
nitrate
FeIII/Mn(IV)
sulfate
CO2 (hardest to use)

preferential order

59
Q

How do microbial communities locate in soil?

A

Cascade of terminal electron accepting processes and succession of different microbial populations

60
Q

What can anaerobic respiration do in soil?

A

Anaerobic respiration can alter the physical/chemical structure of sediments, immobilize metals and degrade organics
These processes relevant to bioremediation

L4 Molecular Microbiology (53 decks)

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