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DRG2004 GenRad 2 > Week 2 Paranasal > Flashcards

Week 2 Paranasal Flashcards

1
Q

what is found between frontal sinuses

A

intersinus septum

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2
Q

what is the largest sinus

A

maxillary sinus

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3
Q

what is found beneath sella turcica & posterior to ethmoid sinuses

A

sphenoid sinus

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4
Q

what are the functions of paranasal sinuses

A
  1. humidify inspired air
  2. regulate paranasal pressure
  3. increase SA for olfaction
  4. lighten skull weight
  5. vocal resonance
  6. absorbing shock
  7. facial growth
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5
Q

Paranasal sinus OF target

A

CR perpendicular to MSP, exit at nasion

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6
Q

Paranasal sinus OF 15 degrees collimation

A

superior = 5 - 7 cm above glabella
lateral = lateral orbital rims
inferior = lower lip

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7
Q

Image critique of Paranasal sinus OF 15 degrees position

A
  1. equal distance between lateral cranial cortices & lateral orbital margins
  2. equal distance between lateral cranial cortices & crista galli
  3. petrous ridge projected into lower 1/3 of orbits
  4. frontal sinuses projected above frontonasal suture
  5. anterior ethmoid air cells projected laterally adjacent to nasal bones
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8
Q

Image critique of Paranasal sinus OF area

A
  1. frontal, ethmoid, maxillary sinuses
  2. lateral orbital rims
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9
Q

Paranasal sinus OM target

A

HCR perpendicular to MSP, exit at acanthion

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10
Q

Paranasal sinus OM collimation

A

superior = 3cm above glabella
lateral = lateral orbital rims
inferior = angle of mandible

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11
Q

Image critique of Paranasal sinus OM position

A
  1. equal distance between lateral cranial cortices & lateral orbital margins
  2. equal distance between lateral cranial cortices & bony nasal septum
  3. petrous ridges inferior to maxillary sinuses
  4. inferior maxillary sinuses free from superimposition by alveolar processes
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12
Q

Image critique of Paranasal sinus OM area

A
  1. frontal & maxillary sinuses
  2. lateral orbital rims
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13
Q

Paranasal sinus Lateral target

A

HCR @ 2.5 cm posterior to outer canthus

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14
Q

Paranasal sinus Lateral collimation

A

superior = 4 cm above glabella
anterior = nose
posterior = EAM
inferior = lower lip

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15
Q

Image critique of Paranasal sinus Lateral position

A
  1. sella turcica shown in profile
  2. orbital roofs, external acoustic meatus, cranial cortices superimposed
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16
Q

Image critique of Paranasal sinus Lateral area

A
  1. frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary sinuses
  2. zygoma
  3. mandibular rami
  4. greater wings of sphenoid
  5. sella turcica
  6. orbital roofs
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17
Q

Orbits OF 20 degrees target

A

HCR perpendicular to MSP, exit at nasion

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18
Q

Orbits OF 20 degrees collimation

A

superior = 4 cm above glabella
lateral = SSTM
inferior = acanthion

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19
Q

image critique of Orbits OF 20 degrees position

A
  1. equal distance between lateral cranial cortices & lateral orbital margins
  2. equal distance between lateral cranial cortices & crista galli
  3. petrous ridges just horizontally below inferior orbital margins
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20
Q

image critique of Orbits OF 20 degrees area

A
  1. frontal & ethmoid sinuses
  2. lateral cranial cortices
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21
Q

Orbits OM target

A

HCR perpendicular to MSP, exit @ acanthion

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22
Q

Orbits OM 55 degrees target

A

HCR perpendicular to MSP, exit @ acanthion

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23
Q

Orbits OM collimation

A

superior = 3 cm above glabella
lateral = SSTM
inferior = upper lip

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24
Q

Orbits OM 55 degrees collimation

A

superior = 3 cm above glabella
lateral = SSTM
inferior = upper lip

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25
Q

image critique of Orbits OM position

A
  1. equal distance between lateral cranial cortices & lateral orbital margins
  2. equal distance between lateral cranial cortices & bony nasal septum
  3. petrous ridges demonstrated inferior to maxillary sinuses
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26
Q

image critique of Orbits OM 55 degrees position

A
  1. petrous ridges projected into lower maxillary sinuses, below inferior orbital rims
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27
Q

image critique of Orbits OM area

A
  1. frontal & maxillary sinuses
  2. lateral orbital rims
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28
Q

image critique of Orbits OM 55 degrees area

A
  1. entire orbital rims
  2. maxillary bones included
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29
Q

Orbits Lateral target

A

CR @ outer canthus of eye

30
Q

Orbits Lateral collimation

A

superior = 3cm above glabella
anterior = tip of nose
posterior = EAM
inferior = upper lip

31
Q

image critique of Orbits Lateral position

A
  1. sella turcica shown in profile
  2. orbital roofs, greater wings of sphenoid, cranial cortices superimposed
32
Q

image critique of Orbits Lateral area

A
  1. frontal, ethmoid, maxillary & sphenoid sinuses
  2. greater wings of sphenoid, orbital roofs, sella turcica
33
Q

Nasal bones Lateral target

A

CR @ 1cm posterior & inferior to nasion

34
Q

Nasal bones Lateral collimation

A

superior = glabella
anterior = tip of nose
posterior = outer canthus
inferior = upper lip

35
Q

image critique of Nasal bones Lateral position

A

orbital roofs & most anterior aspects of cranial cortices superimposed

nasal bones demonstrated without rotation

36
Q

image critique of Nasal bones Lateral area

A

FAN
1. nasal bones
2. anterior nasal spine of maxilla
3. frontonasal suture

37
Q

Nasal bones OM target

A

CR perpendicular to MSP, exit @ acanthion

38
Q

Nasal bones OM collimation

A

superior = glabella
lateral = SSTM using neck
inferior = lower lip

39
Q

image critique of Nasal bones OM position

A
  1. equal distance between lateral orbital margins & bony nasal septum
  2. petrous ridges inferior to maxillary sinuses
40
Q

image critique of Nasal bones OM area

A
  1. nasal septum
  2. anterior nasal spine
  3. lateral orbital rims
41
Q

image critique of Orbits OM 55 degrees exposure

A

sufficient penetration & exposure without motion to visualize orbital floors

42
Q

SID for Facial bones/Orbits/paranasal sinus

A

100 - 115 cm

43
Q

kVp for Facial bones/Orbits/paranasal sinus OF 20 degrees

A

70 - 75 kVp

44
Q

mAs for Facial bones/Orbits/paranasal sinus OF 20 degrees

A

20 - 25 mAs

45
Q

kVp for Facial bones/Orbits/paranasal sinus OM projection

A

77 - 85 kVp

46
Q

kVp for Facial bones/Orbits/paranasal sinus lateral

A

65 - 70 kVp

47
Q

mAs for Facial bones/Orbits/paranasal sinus OM

A

25 - 30 mAs

48
Q

mAs for Facial bones/Orbits/paranasal sinus Lateral

A

20 - 25 mAs

49
Q

how low can the mAs be for Facial bones/Orbits/paranasal sinus OF 20 degrees

A

8 mAs

50
Q

how low can the mAs be for Facial bones/Orbits/paranasal sinus OM

A

16 mAs

51
Q

how low can the mAs be for Facial bones/Orbits/paranasal sinus lateral

A

8 mAs

52
Q

at what age are only the frontal & sphenoidal sinuses developed

A

6 - 7 years old

53
Q

at what age are all sinuses fully developed

A

17 - 18 years old

54
Q

what is caldwell technique best used for

A

frontal & ethmoid sinuses

55
Q

why is HCR used as much as possible

A

best used to demonstrate fluid levels

56
Q

what projection makes frontal sinuses appear larger than usual

A

OF

57
Q

which sinus is the last to develop

A

ethmoid sinuses

58
Q

ASM?

A

anatomical side marker

59
Q

what is the use of asking patient to move eyes up and down?

A

used to isolate FB; if eyes move up, FB should move down and vice versa

60
Q

what is the main principle of orbit projections

A

keep petrous ridges out of orbits

61
Q

what is used to detect deviation of bony septum

A

OM / OF to verify

62
Q

why is lateral nasal bones done first

A

?# if there is history of fall/injury to mid-face

63
Q

how to do axial nasal bones

A
  • cassette perpendicular to glabelloalveolar line
  • MSP perpendicular to cassette midline
  • CR @ glabelloalveolar line
64
Q

image critique of axial nasal bones

A

nasal bones visualized with little superimposition of glabella / alveolar ridge

no rotation of nose

65
Q

exposure factors for nasal bones lateral

A

42 - 50 kVp, 1.2 - 4 mAs, 100 - 115 SID

66
Q

exposure factors for nasal bones OM

A

77 - 85 kVp, 25 - 30 mAs, 100 - 115 SID

67
Q

exposure factors for nasal bones OF 15 degrees

A

70 - 75 kVp, 8 - 18 mAs, 100 - 115 SID

68
Q

exposure factors for nasal bones axial/superoinferior

A

50 - 55 kVp, 4 - 7 mAs, 100 - 115 SID

69
Q

which projection does not use Grid

A

lateral nasal bones

70
Q

what is superoinferior nasal bones AKA

A

submentovertex projection

71
Q

what is caldwell method used to demonstrate

A

frontal & ethmoid sinuses

72
Q

what is used to determine deviation of bony septum

A

OM/OF

DRG2004 GenRad 2 (10 decks)

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