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First Year cell biology > Week 2 Plant cells walls, intracellular matrix and extracellular > Flashcards

Week 2 Plant cells walls, intracellular matrix and extracellular Flashcards

1
Q

In which multicellular organisms are cell walls found?

A

only in plants

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2
Q

What are plant cells walls?

A

Strong wall which keep the shape and structure of plants, as well the support not to fail with gravity.

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3
Q

What term refers to the driving water pressure across a membrane?

A

Osmotic buffer

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4
Q

What word refers to the division at the end of mitosis and meiosis?

A

Ctyokenisis

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5
Q

What is the first part of the cell wall which is created?

A

The middle lamella

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6
Q

What can be hardened to make woody substances?

A

lignins

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7
Q

What is a major component of cell walls?

A

The polysaccharide cellulose

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8
Q

The idea that sugar in a plants cell walls are like reinforced concrete refer to what, what does this mean?

A

The cellulose and glycogen are in a matrix of other polysaccharides as well

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9
Q

Picture the lamella and the primary cell wall for plant cell walls?

A

The primary is adjacent the middle lamella. The primary is flexible too and thin

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10
Q

When is a plants cell wall strengthened?

A

When the plant stops growing

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11
Q

Animal cells do not have a cell wall, but have what in replacement of this?

A

extracellular matrix

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12
Q

What is an animals extracellular matrix predominantly made up of?

A

Glycoproteins

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13
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

proteins which have had covalent (non-metals, similar electrons) carbohydrates added in ER and Golgi apparatus

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14
Q

What does ECM Stand for?

A

Extra cellular matrix

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15
Q

The ECM components which bind to the plasma membrane proteins are what proteins?

A

Integrins

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16
Q

What are integrins and what do they do?

A

The extra cellular matrix proteins which are used for binding and link the ECM to cytoskeleton

17
Q

What is the most abundant ECM protein and what does it do?

A

Collagen and it makes fibres which has high tensile strength

18
Q

What is the most abundant protein in humans?

A

Collagen and is 50% of human proteins (better get eating more collagen for them gains)

19
Q

What is collagen important for?

A

bones, cartilage and tendon (probs found in milk, similar benefits to calcium)

20
Q

Explain why collagens are the perfect building blocks of tendons and ligaments?

A

Because collagens provide elasticity, allowing you to stretch, also due to the proteoglycan which is highly hydrated

21
Q

Explain how cells connect to ECM?

A

They would via fibronectins and fibronectins contact with integrins (membrane proteins)

22
Q

Explain how does External environmental changes get messaged to inside the ECM?

A

Fibronectins outside the cell are joined with microfilaments inside the cytoskeleton, thus they are able to transmit in the ECM to inside of the cell

23
Q

If you force changes upon ECM, Explain what would happen?

A

Due to the fibronectins which are joined to the microfilaments, these transmit to cytoskeleton and so can alter gene expression in certain cells

24
Q

Describe the specialised structures plant and animals cells use to communicate with one another?

A

Tissue, organs and organ systems

25
Q

What term refers to channels which pass through plant cell walls?

A

Plasmodesmata

26
Q

Explain how in plant cell walls Proteins and RNA attach to cytoskeleton?

A

The proteins and RNA pass through the plasmodesmata (which is surrounded by plasma membrane) and the proteins and RNA can pass through, attaching to the cytoskeleton

27
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Tend to be epithelial cells which are very close and are formed via proteins, this also due to being tight does not allow fluid flow through cells

28
Q

In animals, what is the term other know as anchoring junctions?

A

Desmosomes

29
Q

What are Desmosomes?

A

They rivet cells into strong sheets, anchored into position via filaments

30
Q

What are the three different junctions within animals cells?

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions

31
Q

Explain what the gap junction in animal cells allows and what it is made of?

A

The gap junction allows communication channels between cytoplasm and adjacent cells (via small pores which allows small molecules and ions to pass through) and is made of connexins proteins.

32
Q

What is the gap junction in animal cells made of?

A

Connexins proteins

33
Q

What animal cell junction has small pores which allows small molecules and ions to pass through?

A

Gap junctions

34
Q

What is the practical use of gap junctions?

A

They allow coordination between for example the heart

First Year cell biology (10 decks)

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