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psy324- bio psych > week 3- anatomy > Flashcards

week 3- anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two branches of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system- the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system- everything else ex. nerves (the axon part of a neuron) and peripheral ganglia (everything else in a neuron)

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2
Q

what is the brain sculpted by? when?

A

-the brain is sculpted by a lifetime of experiences, especially in the first few years of life and during adolescence

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3
Q

describe the neuraxis FOR THE BRAIN

A

Anterior/Rostral- front of the brain
Posterior/Caudal- back of the brain
Dorsal/Superior- top part of the brain (split brain horizontally, it’s the top part)
Ventral/Inferior- bottom part of the brain (split horizontally)
Medial- parts of brain close to the midline
Lateral- parts of brain close to the sides

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4
Q

describe the neuraxis FOR THE SPINAL CORD

A

Dorsal- back of body
Ventral- front of body
Rostral- points towards the head
Caudal- towards the cord

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5
Q

label image 6

A

see image

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6
Q

look at image 7

A

see image

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7
Q

what are the 3 directional planes?

A

Sagittal- slice down the top and middle of the brain divides brain into 2 separate halves
Axial/Horizontal- slice horizontally
Coronal- slice vertically

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8
Q

what is white matter vs. gray metter?

A

White matter- made up of bundles which connect gray matter areas, interprets sensory information
Gray matter- made up of cell bodies, conducts, processes, and sends information to various parts of the body

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9
Q

is the brain mostly white or gray matter?

A

brain is 40% gray matter, 60% white matter

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10
Q

what is the cortex?

A

higher level functions (ex. Decision making and language)

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11
Q

what is the subcortex?

A

where we process more primitive functions (ex. Emotion processed in the amygdala)

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12
Q

what is corpus callosum

A

largest bundle of axons that connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain – allows information to transmit from one side of the brain to the other

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13
Q

what does ipsilateral vs. contralateral mean? look at image 8 to support

A

Ipsilateral- structures located on the same side of the body/neuraxis
Contralateral- structures located on opposite sides of the body/neuraxis

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14
Q

what study found evidence of contralateral function?

A

-Split brain experiments examined independent functioning when the corpus callosum was severed

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15
Q

describe split brain patient joe

A

-since his corpus callosum was severed, the left and right hemispheres of his brain stopped communicating
-he was still able to function on the opposite sides of his body than what side was doing the processing in his brain (ex. Joe focused on a point and images/words were appearing to the right or left side. He could see the words on the right side because they were going to the left side of his brain which is the dominant hemisphere for language and speech, but everything to the left of the dot he could not see because it was going to the right half of his brain which is disconnected the language and speech hemisphere. However, he was able to draw pictures with his left hand, he just couldn’t name it.

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16
Q

what is broca’s aphasia

A

Broca’s aphasia- aphasia in which you are limited to only a few words (ex. Patient tan – he could only say the word tan)

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17
Q

what is wernicke’s aphasia

A

Wernicke’s aphasia- aphasia in which you produce “word salad”

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18
Q

what is evidence of lateralization and localization?

A

-broca’s area is involved in language production, while wernicke’s area is involved in language processing/comprehension – main idea: certain functions have certain locations within the brain
-think of double dissociation (kinda)

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19
Q

what is the most prominent part of the brain

A

cerebral cortex (made up of neurons and glia)

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20
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

→ Frontal- personality, abstract reasoning, decision making, emotion
→ Parietal- processes sensory info, spatial information
→ Occipital- vision
→ Temporal- memory and learning, facial recognition, auditory

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21
Q

label image 9

A

green- frontal lobe
yellow- prefrontal cortex
black- sylvian fissure
orange- temporal lobe
pink- cerebellum
blue- occipital lobe
purple- parietal lobe
white- central sulcus

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22
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex?

A

a brain region that modulates higher-order (executive) cognitive processes such as….
→ Reasoning
→ Problem solving
→ Comprehension
→ Impulse-control
→ Creativity and perseverance

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23
Q

what did wilder penfield create?

A

-created a visual representation of the mapping of body space in the somatosensory cortex of the brain, with the size of the body representing the size of the area of cortex devoted to it, and hence the sensitivity of that region as well
-used a cortical homunculus to show how our bodies are represented in the brain (see image 10)

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24
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

-structures that form the epicentre of emotion and behavioural expression
-the limbic system is implicated in emotions such as fear, anxiety, ptsd, depression, and alzheimers

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25
Q

what does the amygdala do?

A

emotions such as fear and anxiety

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26
Q

what does the hippocampus do?

A

memory

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27
Q

what is the basal ganglia

A

-important for motor movement, procedural learning, reward system
-the basal ganglia is implicated in parkinson’s, schizophrenia, ocd

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28
Q

label image 11

A

grey (top to bottom)
-telencephalon
-diencephalon
-metencephalon
-myencephalon
-spinal cord
black (top to bottom)
-prosencephalon (forebrain)
-mesencephalon (midbrain)
-rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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29
Q

what is the thalamus

A

-Projection fibers connect to the cortical surface to relay sensation, spatial and motor signal information
-Acts as a gateway to higher cortical function
-Regulates consciousness, sleep, alertness

30
Q

what is hypothalamus

A

-Controls the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
- Fighting, feeding, feeling, mating, sleeping, drinking (ex. Motivational Behaviors)

31
Q

what is the anterior pituitary known as?

A

master gland

32
Q

where is the anterior pituitary

A

frontal lobe (diencephalon)

33
Q

what does the anterior pituitary do?

A

-Releases tropic hormones that control secretion and production of hormones in other glands of the endocrine system.

34
Q

what is the mesencephalon

A

-Topmost part of the brainstem, the connection central between the brain and the spinal cord

35
Q

what is contained in the mesencephalon?

A

→ Tectum- roof of midbrain
→ Tegmentum- contains nuclei for the 12 cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation
→ Substantia nigra- gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway facilitating readiness for movement

36
Q

what are the two branches of the hindbrain?

A

→ Metencephalon- contains pons and cerebellum
→ Myelencephalon- contains medulla oblongata

37
Q

label image 12

A

see image

38
Q

describe the human connectome

A

-scientists created a “network map” that maps the functional and structural connections within the brain
-see image 13

39
Q

what are the two branches of the peripheral nervous system

A

-somatic nervous system
-autonomic nervous system

40
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do

A

Controls the movement of SKELETAL MUSCLES or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system from the skin and sense organs

41
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

controls the body’s vegetative functions (SMOOTH MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE, and glands).

42
Q

what are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system

A

→ Sympathetic Nervous System
→ Parasympathetic Nervous System

43
Q

what is the somatic nervous system comprised of

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

44
Q

what do cranial nerves do

A

12 pairs attached to ventral surface of brain, controls sensory/motor function of head and neck

45
Q

what do spinal nerves contain? what do they do?

A

-contains dorsal root (allows motor neurons to enter spinal cord through afferent axons)
-contains ventral root (allows motor neurons to exit spinal cord through efferent axons)

46
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

→ Sympathetic Nervous System- activation associated with energy expenditure and mobilization (ex. increased blood pressure, heart rate, epinephrine release) – remember fight or flight response

47
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

→ Parasympathetic Nervous System- processes associated with conserving and restoring energy (ex. salivation, blood flow to gastrointestinal tract, digestion) – remember rest and digest

48
Q

what is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system implicated in?

A

-these two systems are implicated in stress response and stress related health disorders

49
Q

label image 14 of the branches of the nervous system

A

see image

50
Q

what are the two main categories of research methods to study the brain? what do tehy study?

A

Non Invasive
→ Correlate brain anatomy with behaviour
→ Record brain activity during behavior
Invasive
→ Examine the effects of brain damage
→ Examine the effects of stimulating a brain area

51
Q

what is phrenology?

A

-The process of relating skull anatomy to behaviour
-one of first ways to study brain but yielded few, if any,
accurate results

52
Q

what does a ct scan do?

A

→ CT Scan- computerized tomography- inject dye into the blood and pass X- rays through the head

53
Q

what does an MRI do?

A

→ MRI Scan- magnetic resonance imaging - applies a powerful magnetic field to image the brain

54
Q

what does an fMRI do?

A

→ fMRI- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging- measures the small changes in blood flow that occur with brain activity

55
Q

what does an EEG do?

A

→ EEG- Electroencephalography- measures electrical activity in the brain using small, metal discs (electrodes) attached to the scalp

56
Q

what does a PET scan do?

A

→ PET scan- positron emission tomography- injection of a safe radioactive tracer that helps detect diseased cells

57
Q

what does a MEG scan do?

A

→ MEG scan- magnetoencephalography-measures the magnetic fields produced by your brain’s electrical currents, it is performed to map brain function and to identify the exact location of the source of epileptic seizures

58
Q

what does a NIRS scan do?

A

→ NIRS- Near-Infared Spectroscopy- employs infrared light to characterize noninvasively acquired fluctuations in cerebral metabolism during neural activity

59
Q

what implications does brain damage have?

A

-can produce an inability to recognize faces, an inability to perceive motion, changes in emotional responses, and many more effects

60
Q

what is ablation

A

removal of a brain area

61
Q

what is a lesion?

A

damage to a brain area, often done for research purposes

62
Q

what does a stereotaxic instrument do?

A

used precisely identify brain structures b injecting a chemical that kills neurons or inactivates them temporarily

63
Q

what are two ways to stimulate a brain area

A

→ Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
→ Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

64
Q

what is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

Application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp to temporarily deactivate neurons below the magnet – it’s a neurostimulator

65
Q

what are some pros and cons of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?

A

Pros: lasts up to hours, good spatial and temporal resolution
Cons: expensive, risk of seizures, limited to superficial brain areas, can result in transient headaches, no good sham condition

66
Q

what is Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)?

A

Passes small electric current through the scalp, skull, and meninges to stimulate the brain – its a neuromodulator

67
Q

what are some pros and cons of Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)?

A

Pros: lasts up to hours, low cost, low risk of adverse effects, and reliable sham condition
Cons: poor spatial and temporal resolution, concurrent modulation of brain area under reference electrode, protocols less established, and can result in transient headaches

68
Q

what is optogenetics

A

a technique that allows researchers to turn on activity in targeted neurons by a device that shines light on the brain using a laser

69
Q

describe image 15

A

see image

70
Q

compare and contrast tracts vs. nerves and nuclei vs. ganglia

A

Tracts - bundles of axons in the central nervous system
Nerves - bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system
Ganglia - collection of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
Nuclei - collection of cell bodies in the central nervous system

psy324- bio psych (11 decks)

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