Week 4- Person centred

Question 1

Therapeutic dimensions of person centred therapy

Answer 1

1. Complaint oriented
   - Specific aspects regarding a limited number of events
   - Looks at certain aspects of functioning
   - programmatic
2. Person-oriented
   - Way someone experiences and views the world themselves
   - Takes the whole person and their story
   Issues such as self esteem and relationship problems
   - Explorative

Question 2

Basic stance of person centred therapy

Answer 2

• Being human is a process
  -Self-actualization tendency: As well as being focused on self-preservation, humans are also focused on growth
  -Trust the process
• Follow the process
  -Lead the process

Question 3

Humanistic positive view of man in person-centred therapy

Answer 3

• Immediate experience is very important
  -people have agency and self-determination
  -Complex coherence of the self, wholeness
• We are dependent on each other
• We gradually change and grow

Question 4

Research for person-centred therapy

Answer 4

-Typically process-oriented research (Concerned with the dynamic and evolving nature of human experience)
-RCT effect research (1/3 improves a little, 1/3 improves a lot, 1/3 doesn’t improve at all)- EFT, Intrapersonal psychotherapy, DBT
- Therapeutic relationship

Question 5

Person-centred experiential psychotherapy is especially effective for

Answer 5

• Adults with depression
  -Adults with psychological problems and relationship problems
  -Adults with a psychotic condition
  -Adults with psychological problems related to chronic medical conditions
• Adults with anxiety disorders, complex trauma, PTSD, eating disorders

Question 6

Carl rogers view on person centred therapy

Answer 6

• Direct attention towards the growing potential of the client
• Not looking at the client as someone with a problem to be fixed

Question 7

Necessary conditions for person centred therapy

Answer 7

-Creating a context in which someone can realize himself (Actualizing tendency)
- Congruence: What is visible to the other person corresponds to your own experience at that moment. Accept your own experiences/reactions
- Empathy: Allow yourself to understand the other
- Respect: Being able to accept or respect the other person’s feelings and ideas

Question 8

How does person-centred therapy approach the patient as a unique individual

Answer 8

-Considering how the patient experiences their complaints and situation and the meaning of the complaints in their life situation
- Considering existential challenges
- Learning to connect with others differently
- Focusing on deepening and exploring bodily inner experience
- Expressiveness of the body and focusing on inner sensations

Question 9

How does person-centred therapy aim to change emotions with emotions

Answer 9

Focusing on the expression and exploration of inner sensations and bodily experiences, allowing for a deeper understanding of processing emotions

Question 10

Empathy from inside to outside

Answer 10

Presence
Enter
Resonate
Poignancy
Expression

Follow the OME exercise
Observe: consciously observe posture, facial expression
Mirror: Mirror body position/ facial expression
Empathize: Use observation to put yourself in clients state of mind

Question 11

Role of the therapist in person centred therapy

Answer 11

Facilitator who provides empathy, support and understanding to the client in exploring inner experiences and emotions

Question 12

How does person-centered, experiential psychotherapy address the expressiveness of the body in therapy?

Answer 12

By focusing on inner sensations and bodily experiences in the therapeutic process

Question 13

How does person-centered, experiential psychotherapy promote self-discovery and personal growth in clients?

Answer 13

By creating a safe and empathetic therapeutic environment

Question 14

How does person-centered, experiential psychotherapy approach the concept of empathy in the therapeutic relationship?

Answer 14

Emphasizes the therapist’s ability to demonstrate empathy by understanding and resonating with the client’s emotions, experiences, and inner world
This empathetic connection fosters trust, validation, and a supportive therapeutic relationship conducive to exploration and growth

Question 15

What is focusing as introduced by gendlin

Answer 15

A process that involves paying attention to the bodily felt sense of a situation or issue
Allows for a deeper exploration of inner experiences and emotions to facilitate self-awareness and personal growth in therapy

Question 16

Depth levels of clients engagement with their inner worlds in PCT

Answer 16

No contact: Psychosis, deep depression, no control, impulsive.
1. Low experience level: Impersonal, factual, externalizing.
2. Medium experience level: Description of situations and events with personal
reactions. There and then. Not figuring out the meaning.
3. High level of experience: Telling from within, in the here and now, exploring.

Question 17

How does the model of emotional processing contribute to understanding and working with emotions in the context of person-centered, experiential psychotherapy?

Answer 17

Provides a framework for understanding how individuals process emotions and the impact of this processing on their psychological well-being
- Primary adaptive (grief, hurt) and primary maladaptive (fear, shame, sadness) processes: Constructive and destructive ways of dealing with emotion

Question 18

Emotion focused therapy

Answer 18

Leslie Greenberg and Jeanne Watson
-Emphasizes the importance of changing emotions with emotions and the adaptive nature of emotional processing
- Involves addressing core emotional pain and promoting assertive anger, self-soothing and acceptance

Question 19

How emotions are seen in EFT

Answer 19

-Every emotion has a need and every need has an action tendency
-Emotion is an adaptive form of information processing that focuses people on the importance of events, gives meaning to events and the world
-Emotion is the entrance to change

Emotion- Need- Direction- Compass

Question 20

what is core pain

Answer 20

An unmet need
Almost always about shame, sadness or anxiety

Question 21

The person in Person Centred Therapy

Answer 21

Institutional structures and oppressive culture can deny our personhood
-Power of personhood distinguishes client-centred therapy from approaches based on the medical model

Question 22

Tuskgee syphilis experiemnt

Answer 22

Injected with syphilis or fake therapy
Views contrast those of personhood in PCT

Question 23

How does rogers say wholeness can be achieved

Answer 23

If the emerging self of a person can assimilate their lived experience

Question 24

Hallmark of psychological adjustment for Rogers

Answer 24

Congruence
The state of wholeness
Integration within the experience of a person

Question 25

Congruence

Answer 25

the capacity to symbolize experiencing in conscious awareness and to integrate those experiences within our concepts of self

Question 26

Critics of rogers view

Answer 26

- characterised his views as optimistic and naive - have interpreted his theory of actualizing tendency as representing a belief in moral goodness

Question 27

One central source of energy in a human according to rogers

Answer 27

A tendency towards fulfilment and actualization, involving the maintenance and enhancement of the organism

Question 28

Nondirective attitude

Answer 28

Person centred therapy Trust in the clients inner resources for growth and self-realization Therapist not seen as expert

Question 29

Concepts of the client in PCT

Answer 29

1. Self concept: -Self regard often lacking in people who seek therapeutic help - When clients are rated as more successful in therapy, their attitudes towards themself become more positive 2. Locus of evaluation: - As clients gain self esteem they shift the basis for their values from other peoples opinions to their own experience 3. Experiencing: Client improves as they shift from a rigid mode to a more open and flexible mode

Question 30

Dodo bird verdict

Answer 30

All models of psychotherapy are roughly equal in their affects

Question 31

Aim of therapist in CBT

Answer 31

To challenge the patients core beliefs which are believed to maintain dysfunction or psychopathology

Question 32

Critique of CBT from person centred view

Answer 32

Respect for the clients autonomy is directly contradicted by the belief that the therapist has rationality and science on their side and knows what is best for the client

Question 33

One of the most powerful influences on carl rogers

Answer 33

Learning that traditional child guidance methods in which he had trained did not work well

Question 34

What is associated with the birth of client centred therapy

Answer 34

Carl rogers book "some newer concepts in psychotherapy" Describes how client begins with a conflict situation and a predominance of negative attitudes and moves towards insight, independence and positive attitudes

Question 35

Essential therapist-offered conditions of therapeutic personality change

Answer 35

Congruence, unconditional positive regard, understanding of the clients internal frame of reference

Question 36

Rogers 19-proposition theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships

Answer 36

-Believed in the importance of the child's conscious attitudes toward self and self-ideal was central to the test of personality - Clients grow through a process of reduced defensiveness and self-directed expansion -Phenomenological -End point of personality development is basic congruence between the phenomenal field of experience and the conceptual structure of the self

Question 37

Stephensons Q- sort technique

Answer 37

Used to measure changes in self concept and self-ideal during and following therapy and in a no-therapy control period

Question 38

Concept of experience in PCT

Answer 38

Private world of the person At any moment it is conscious Some experiences can be difficult to bring into awareness Peoples actual awareness of their total experiential field may be limited, but only the individual can know it completely

Question 39

Reality as a concept in PCT

Answer 39

Clients perceptions of their own reality should receive our empathic understanding, even if we think they are mistakes

Question 40

Internal frame of reference in PCT

Answer 40

Perceptual field of the individual How we see the world given our experiences

Question 41

Symbolization

Answer 41

PCT Process by which individual becomes aware or conscious of an experience Tend to deny symbolization of experiences that don't match with our concept of self Ambiguous experiences tend to be symbolized in ways that are consistent with our self-concept

Question 42

What defines whether people are psychologically maladjusted- PCT

Answer 42

Congruence Self concept

Question 43

Fully functioning person in PCT

Answer 43

Can readily assimilate organismic experience and are capable of symbolizing these ongoing experiences in awareness Not afraid of any of their feelings Positive self concept

Question 44

Congruence conceptualized

Answer 44

1. Transparent communication: Therapist deosnt deny any feelings 2. Accurate symbolization of experience in the internal self-awareness of the therapist

Question 45

Conditions of worth

Answer 45

Children learn that their worth is conditional on good behaviour, moral or religious standards, undecipherable factors they can only guess

Question 46

Therapeutic factors

Answer 46

Effects that issue from the therapist, the therapeutic relationship, and the specific techniques associated with the particular therapeutic orientation In client centred therapy: Also the clients perception of these things

Question 47

Extratherapeutic factors

Answer 47

The environment of the client, the various vulnerabilities and problems he or she is dealing with, the presence or absence of adequate social support, and any particular events (such as losses or other changes) that influence the course of therapy

Question 48

Errors of attitude

Answer 48

Occur when therapists intentions are other than maintaining congruence, unconditional positive regard and empathetic understanding or other than a nondirective attitude

Question 49

Errors of understanding

Answer 49

Occur when therapist is attempting to acceptantly and empathetically understand, but misinterprets what the client is saying

Question 50

Subception

Answer 50

Seeing something without being aware of seeing it