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Anatomy of thorax and abdomen > week 5 > Flashcards

week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

General arrangement of the abdomen

A
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
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2
Q

what is the Peritoneum?

A
  • Continuous, glistening
    & slippery
  • Transparent serous
    membrane
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3
Q

what are the 2 layers of the peritoneum?

A

Two continuous layers:
– Parietal peritoneum
* Lines internal surface of
abdominopelvic wall
– Visceral peritoneum
* Invests viscera such as
stomach and intestines

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4
Q

what is the Peritoneal cavity?

A
  • Potential space between
    parietal & visceral layers
    of peritoneum
  • Contains peritoneal fluid
  • has 2 subdivisions
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5
Q

peritoneal cavity subdivided into?

A

Subdivided into:
– Greater sac
* Accounts for most of the
peritoneal cavity
– Lesser sac (omental bursa)
* Posterior to stomach &
liver
* Continuous with greater
sac through omental
(epiploic) foramen

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6
Q

what is the Omenta?

A

Two layers of peritoneum
* Connect stomach to other
viscera
* there are Two omenta:

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7
Q

what are the 2 omenta?

A

– greater omentum
* Attaches to greater curvature
of stomach
* Drapes over transverse colon,
jejunum & ileum
– lesser omentum
* Attaches lesser curvature of
stomach to inferior surface of
liver
* Divided into
– Medial hepatogastric lig.
– Lateral hepatoduodenal lig.

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8
Q

what are the Mesenteries?

A

Peritoneal folds that
attach viscera to posterior
abdominal wall

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9
Q

what does the mesenteries include:

A

Includes:
– Mesentery
* Double-layered fold of
peritoneum connecting
jejunum & ileum to
posterior abdominal wall
– Transverse mesocolon
* Connects transverse colon
to posterior abdominal wall
– Sigmoid mesocolon
* Connects sigmoid colon to
posterior abdominal wall

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10
Q

what is the Oesophagus?

A

*Muscular tube
* + 25cm long, + 2cm diameter

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11
Q

function of oesophagus

A

Conveys food from pharynx to
stomach

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12
Q

where does oesophagus start at?

A

Starts at lower border of
cricoid cartilage at C6

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13
Q

where does oesophagus decend to?

A

Descends anterior to vertebral
column through superior &
posterior mediastina

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14
Q

where does oesophagus pass through?

A

Passes through diaphragm at
T10

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15
Q

where does oesophagus end at?

A

Ends at gastric cardiac orifice
at T11

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16
Q

what are the Parts of the oesophagus?

A
  • Cervical oesophagus
  • Thoracic oesophagus
  • Abdominal oesophagus
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17
Q

cervical oesophagus position

A

– Posterior to trachea

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18
Q

Thoracic oesophagus position

A

Left between trachea &
vertebral column

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19
Q

where does thoracic oesophagus pass

A

– Passes behind aortic arch
– Passes through diaphragm
at T10

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20
Q

position of abdominal oesophagus

A

– Emerges from right crus
– grooves(leaves impression) on posterior surface of left lobe of liver

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21
Q

what are the Oesophageal constrictions

A

Cervical constriction, Thoracic constriction, Diaphragmatic constriction.

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22
Q

where is the cervical constriction found?

A

– Pharygoesophageal junction
– 15cm from incisor teeth

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23
Q

where is the Thoracic constriction found?

A

– Arch of aorta
* 22.5cm from incisors
– Left main bronchus
* 27.5cm from incisors

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24
Q

where is the Diaphragmatic constriction found?

A

– Oesophageal hiatus of
diaphragm
– 40cm from incisors

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25
Q

what is in a Transverse section of
oesophagus?

A

Internal circular layer of
muscles and External longitudinal layer
of muscles

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26
Q

what is the transverse section of oesophagus made up of?

A
  • Superior ⅓: external layer
    composed of voluntary
    striated muscle
  • Inferior ⅓: smooth muscle
  • Middle ⅓: both types of
    muscle
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27
Q

label this transverse section of oesophagus

A
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28
Q

blood supply of oesophagus?

A
  • left gastric artery
    *originates from celiac trunk
    -left inferior phrenic artery
    *originates from abdominal aorta
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29
Q

Venous drainage of oesophagus

A

– Left gastric vein
*originates from portal vein @superior border of pancreas

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30
Q

Nerve supply of oesophagus

A
  • Anterior & posterior
    gastric nerves (vagi)
  • Sympathetic branches
    – Thoracic part of
    sympathetic chain
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31
Q

what is the Stomach?

A

Expanded part of the
digestive tract

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32
Q

what is the stomach’s three main functions?

A
  • Three main functions:
    – Stores food (1.5-2L)
    – Forms chyme
    – Controls rate of delivery of
    chyme to duodenum
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33
Q

where does the stomach lie?

A

Lies in upper part of
abdomen
– Beneath left costal margin
region into epigastric &
umbilical regions

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34
Q

label the diagram of the stomach

A
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35
Q

what are the openings in the stomach

A

Two openings
– Cardiac orifice
– Pyloric orifice

36
Q

what are the curvatures of the stomach?

A
  • Two curvatures
    – Lesser curvature
    *the lesser omentum attaches to it
    – Greater curvature
    *the greater omentum and gastrosplenic ligament attaches to it
37
Q

what are the 2 stomach surfaces?

A

Two surfaces
– Anterior surface
– Posterior surface

38
Q

label this diagram of the stomach

A
39
Q

what are the parts of the stomach?

A
  • Cardia
    – Surrounds opening of
    oesophagus
  • Fundus
    – Area above the level of the
    cardiac orifice
  • Body
    – Largest region
  • Pyloric part
    – Pyloric antrum
    – Pyloric canal
    – Pylorus
  • Pyloric sphincter
40
Q

label the parts of the stomach

A
41
Q

Interior of stomach includes

A
  • Gastric mucosa
  • Gastric folds
    – called gastric rugae, allows for stomach expansion
  • Gastric canal (short pathway of food and water from 1 opening to the next)
    – past of the Lesser curvature
42
Q
A
43
Q

which organs are anterior to stomach

A

– Diaphragm
– Left lobe of liver
– Anterior abdominal wall

44
Q

which organs are posterior to stomach

A

– Omental bursa
– Pancreas

45
Q

which organs are inferior to stomach

A

– Transverse colon

46
Q

label this diagram

A
47
Q

what arteries are involved in Blood supply of stomach?

A

Celiac trunk
* Anastomoses

48
Q

what arteries are involved in Blood supply of lesser curvature of stomach?

A

Lesser curvature
– Right & left gastric aa.

49
Q

what arteries are involved in Blood supply of greater curvature of stomach?

A

Greater curvature
– Right & left gastro-omental
(gastro-epiploic) aa.

50
Q

what arteries are involved in Blood supply of fundus and upper body of stomach?

A

Fundus & upper body
– Short & posterior gastric
arteries

51
Q

label this blood supply of stomach diagram

A
52
Q

Venous drainage of stomach

A
  • Parallel arteries
  • Right & left gastric veins
    – Hepatic portal vein
  • Short gastric & left gastroomental veins
    – Splenic vein
  • Right gastro-omental vein
    – Superior mesenteric vein
  • Prepyloric vein
    – Identification of pylorus
53
Q

parasympathetic Innervation of stomach

A

– Anterior vagal trunk
* Left vagus nerve
– Posterior vagal trunk
* Right vagus nerve

54
Q

sympathetic Innervation of stomach

A

T6-T9 segments of spinal
cord

55
Q

what is the Small intestine for?

A

Primary site for
absorption of ingested
food

56
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

57
Q

what is the duodenum?

A

C-shaped course around
head of pancreas

58
Q

where does the duodenum start and end?

A

Begins at pylorus on
right side
* Ends at duodenojejunal
flexure on the left
– L2

it is Partially retroperitoneal (in the back of the abdomen behind the peritoneum)

59
Q

what are the Parts of the duodenum?

A

4 parts:
- superior (1st) part (5cm)
-Descending (2nd) part (7-
10cm)
- Inferior (3rd) part (6-8cm)
- Ascending (4th) part (5cm)

60
Q

where are the 4 parts of the duodenum located?

A

– Superior (1st) part (5cm)
* Anterolateral to body of L1
– Descending (2nd) part (7-
10cm)
* Descends along the right
side of L1-L3
– Inferior (3rd) part (6-8cm)
* Crosses L3
– Ascending (4th) part (5cm)
* From L3 to L2

61
Q

what is the ampulla?

A
  • Located in the duodenal cap, which is part of the first (superior) segment of the duodenum.
  • This area marks the beginning of the duodenum.
62
Q

what is the major Duodenal Papilla?

A
  • Located in the second (descending) part of the duodenum.
  • It serves as the common entrance for both the bile duct and the pancreatic duct into the duodenum.
  • This junction marks the anatomical division between the foregut (the upper gastrointestinal tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and proximal duodenum) and the midgut (the middle portion of the gastrointestinal tract).
63
Q

what is the Minor Duodenal Papilla?

A
  • This structure is found in the second part of the duodenum as well.
  • It serves as the entrance for the accessory pancreatic duct, which is a smaller duct in the pancreas that can drain pancreatic secretions independently of the main pancreatic duct.
64
Q

what is the Jejunum?

A
  • 2nd part of small intestine
  • Larger diameter
  • Thicker wall
  • Numerous plicae circulares
  • Less prominent arterial
    arcades
  • Longer vasa recta
  • Less mesenteric fat
  • Fewer lymphoid nodules
    (Peyer’s patches)
65
Q

what is the Ileum?

A
  • 3rd part of small intestine
  • Smaller in diameter
  • Thinner walls
  • Fewer plicae circulares
  • More arterial arcades
  • Shorter vasa recta
  • More mesenteric fat
  • Many lymphoid nodules
    (Peyer’s patches)
66
Q

where is the Large intestine located?

A

From ileo-cecal junction
to anus

67
Q

what are the parts of the large intestine?

A

Parts:
– Cecum
– Appendix
– Ascending colon
– Transverse colon
– Descending colon
– Sigmoid colon
– Rectum
– Anus

68
Q

what are the Large intestine features?

A
  • Omental appendices
    –small fatty projections
  • Tenia coli
    – 3 longitudinal bands
  • Haustra
    – sacculations of the wall
  • Greater internal
    diameter
69
Q

what is the Cecum?

A
  • First part of large intestine
  • Continuous with ascending colon
  • Blind intestinal pouch
  • Ileo-cecal valve (fold)
    – Entrance of the ileum into the cecum
    – At junction of cecum & ascending colon
70
Q

what is the appendix?

A
  • The appendix is a blind intestinal diverticulum, meaning it is a pouch or sac that projects from the larger intestine and has no exit.
  • The appendix contains significant amounts of lymphoid tissue, which is part of the immune system.
  • This lymphoid tissue plays a role in immune function, particularly in the early years of life.
71
Q

location of appendix

A
  • Arises from posteromedial aspect of cecum
  • Inferior to ileo-cecal valve
  • The position of the appendix within the abdomen can vary.
72
Q

what is the mesoappendix?

A

Mesoappendix:
This refers to the short triangular mesentery, or tissue fold, that attaches the appendix to the posterior abdominal wall.
It contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves that supply the appendix.

73
Q

what are the parts of the Colon?

A

Four parts
– Ascending (retro), transverse
(intra), descending (retro),
sigmoid (intra)

74
Q

what is right colic flexure ?

A

found at Junction of ascending &
transverse colon

75
Q

what is left colic flexure ?

A

found at Junction of transverse &
descending colon

76
Q

what are the paracolic gutters?

A

– Right & left
– Lateral to ascending and
descending colons

77
Q

what is the Sigmoid colon?

A

S-shaped loop
* Extends from iliac fossa
to S3 vertebra
* Sigmoid mesocolon refers to the Long mesentery; a fold of peritoneum that attaches the sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall.

78
Q

what is the Rectum & Anal canal

A
  • Fixed terminal part of
    large intestine
  • Rectosigmoid junction
    at S3
  • Rectum continuous
    inferiorly with anus
  • Rectum is
    retroperitoneal
79
Q

Embryologic Development of gut

A
  • Developing gut divided
    into three parts
    –foregut
    –midgut
    –hindgut
  • Each part supplied by
    an artery
80
Q

what are the foregut derivatives (organs that develop from it)?

A

– Oesophagus
– Stomach
– Duodenum (½)
– Liver
– Pancreas
– Gallbladder

81
Q

what is the Artery that supplies
the foregut:

A

celiac trunk

82
Q

Midgut derivatives

A

– Duodenum (½)
– Jejunum
– Ileum
– Cecum
– Appendix
– Ascending colon
– ⅔ Transverse colon

83
Q

artery supplying midgut to forgut

A

superior mesenteric artery

84
Q

Hindgut Derivatives

A

– ⅓ Transverse colon
– Descending colon
– Sigmoid colon
– Rectum
– Anal canal

85
Q

Artery supplying hindgut and foregut

A

inferior mesenteric artery

86
Q

describe the development of the midgut

A

known as midgut rotation
* Midgut forms a U-shaped
loop
* Herniates through
primitive umbilical ring
– Beginning at week 6
* Midgut loop rotates a
total of 270° counterclockwise
– Around superior
mesenteric artery
* Returns to abdominal
cavity
– Around week 11

87
Q
A

Anatomy of thorax and abdomen (13 decks)

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