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psy324- bio psych > week 5- sex and reproductive behaviours > Flashcards

week 5- sex and reproductive behaviours Flashcards

1
Q

what is sexual selection

A

-the idea that certain genes that make an individual more appealing to the opposite sex and will increase the probability of reproduction

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2
Q

what is intrasexual selection

A

intrasexual selection is competition between members of the same sex (usually males) for access to mates – between members of the same sex

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3
Q

what is intersexual selection

A

intersexual selection is a phenomenon where members of one sex (usually females) choose members of the opposite sex – between two sexes

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4
Q

what are the 4 phases of the development of sex organs

A
  1. Genetic Sex Happens (XX, XY)
  2. Development of Gonads (Testis/Ovaries)
  3. Emergence of Sex Organs (Organizing Effects)
  4. Maturation (Organizing and Activating Effects)
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5
Q

how many chromosomes do we get from each parent? what do they do?

A

-we each get 23 chromosomes from each parent, and 22 of those chromosomes determine the physical development of the child independent of biological sex, the last chromosome determines the sex of the child

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6
Q

what type of chromosomes do males and females pass to a child? which determines the sex of a baby

A

-Female passes X or X to child (either way child will get an x chromosome)
-Male passes X or Y to child – if its a Y then the child is a male

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7
Q

what are present in all fetuses? what determines whether the organs become female sex organs or male sex organs?

A

-gonads become testes or gonads, they’re the first to be determined
-the SRY gene lives on the y chromosome, this causes gonads turn into testes, if the gene is present child develops testes, if not then it stays as ovaries

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8
Q

what is the mullerian system

A

the embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs (fallopian tubes, uterus, etc.)

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9
Q

what is the wolffian system

A

the embryonic precursor of the male internal sex organs (seminal vesicles, vas deferens, etc.)

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10
Q

label image 5

A

see image 5

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11
Q

what are the two kinds of hormones? what do they do?

A

Androgens – testosterone and dihydrotestosterone
Estrogens – estradiol (most common), Progesterone (prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum, promotes maintenance of pregnancy)

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12
Q

what are the 3 steps of how steroids work?

A
  1. They bind to membrane receptors (like neurotransmitters) to exert quick or rapid effects
  2. They activate proteins in the cell
  3. Alter expression of chromosomes to turn genes off/on
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13
Q

what type of hormones are androgens and estrogens

A

steroid hormones

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14
Q

what are organizing effects? name exactly what is involved

A

long lasting, occur during sensitive periods in early development, they determine whether the body develops male or female genitals

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15
Q

what are activating effects? name exactly what is involved

A

temporary, they continue only when the hormone is present (ex. periods)
-Sex hormones activated during the postnatal stage (ex. Sperm production, Erection, Ejaculation, Ovulation, Sex drive)

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16
Q

what does postnatal development at puberty determine? what kind of effect is this?

A

-Postnatal development at puberty determines other sexually dimorphic features (ex. breast development, dropping of testes – these persistent throughout the lifetime
Organizing effects

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17
Q

when does precursor tissue differentiate

A

7-8 weeks

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18
Q

after testes are determined, what does it secrete?

A

testosterone

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19
Q

what hormone determines the development of a penis or a clitoris

A

-if the dihydrotestosterone is high enough, the sex organ develops into a full penis, if the levels or low, it becomes a clitoris

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20
Q

what organizing and activating effects is testosterone important for?

A

Organizing: facial and body hair, lowers voice, muscular development, genital growth
Activating: sex drive, reproduction

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21
Q

what organizing and activating effects is estradiol important for?

A

Organizing: breast development, lining of uterus, body fat deposition, maturation of female genitalia
Activating: sex drive, reproduction

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22
Q

what type of chromosome is the most important in determining sex

A

the difference between developing male organs is entirely decided on the presence of a Y chromosome, the X chromosome isn’t doing much

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23
Q

what is Aneuploidy

A
  • the condition of having an abnormal number of chromosomes in a haploid set – this leads to atypical development of sex characteristics
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24
Q

what is Klinefelter Syndrome? how does it display?

A

-group of chromosomal disorders that lead to a more typically male profile
-An additional X from mother’s egg or father’s sperm
Displayed as: Taller than average, greater abdominal fat, low muscle tone, less facial/body hair, smaller sex organs, hypogonadal, infertile, gynecomastia

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25
Q

what is XX male syndrome? what is it displayed as?

A

-called XX sex reversal, a male with two X chromosomes
-Male gonads (i.e., testes) are formed, they identify with and physically look male
Displayed as: Shorter than average, less hair, gynecomastia, hypogonadal, smaller sex organs, infertile

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26
Q

what is the genetic sex of people with XX male syndrome

A

-genetic sex is “female” (because there’s two X chromosomes)

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27
Q

why does XX male syndrome happen?

A

-happens because the SRY gene was on a Y chromosome but it translocated to a X chromosome

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28
Q

what is androgen insensitivity syndrome? how is it presented?

A

-genetic sex is male, they have XY chromosomes
-but, their receptors do not respond to androgens
-they present with internal testes, not ovaries or uterus, due to this they have a shallow vagina and are infertile

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29
Q

what are the 3 types of androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Complete AIS- external genitalia feminized – all external genitalia is female
Partial AIS- partial genitalia masculinized
Mild AIS- masculinized – ex. Smaller or “different”

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30
Q

what is Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome?

A

-its a failure to produce AMH or there are no receptors for the hormone
-comes from a genetic variation in AMH gene and its an inherited autosomal recessive gene

31
Q

what is the genetic sex vs. presented sex of people with Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome? how is it presented?

A

-Genetic sex is male (XY)
-Present with female and male internal sex organs
Displayed as…. Undescended testes and underdeveloped uterus, hermaphroditism, are infertile

32
Q

what is turner’s syndrome

A

-missing their second sex hormone
-they got one X but not the second sex hormone
-results from defective sperm

33
Q

how is turner’s syndrome displayed

A

-Gonads do not develop (non-working ovaries)
-Internal and external organs are female
-No estrogen, puberty must be induced
Displayed as… Under-developed breasts, short stature, broad chested, webbed neck, learning disability, increased risk for CVD, immune disorders

34
Q

what is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)? how does it develop

A

leads to Autosomal recessive disorders- dysregulation of the adrenal glands (CYP21 gene)
-if bio mother has high testosterone, that can lead to issues with adrenal gland, leading to this disorder
-Exposure to high androgen levels during development

35
Q

what is the genetic sex of people with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)? how do they present?

A

-genetic sex is female
-Mullerian system activated, but external organs are “intersex” or “ambiguous”
-found that girls with this show more “male” behaviours

36
Q

what do high vs. low levels of testosterone during sensitive periods of organizing effects lead to? give a study to explain

A

-a high level of testosterone during a sensitive period leads to a male pattern while low levels lead to a female pattern
Study- Female rats exposed to testosterone during sensitive periods become partly masculinized in anatomy and behavior – their clitoris grew much larger than usual and sexual behaviour becomes masculinized (mounting behaviours)
On the other hand, If a male rat lacks androgen receptors or is castrated, it develops female-like anatomy and behavior

37
Q

what effect does estradiol have on sex organs

A

-while estradiol doesn’t modify male anatomy, it modify internal structures such as the prostate
- The absence of sex hormones generally leads to female-looking external genitalia.
-Females lacking estradiol during early life do not develop normal sexual behavior

38
Q

what brain structure is important for hormone release

A

hypothalamus

39
Q

what are same main differences in the male vs. female brain

A

see image 6

40
Q

do male vs. female brain differences correlate with behaviour?

A

no

41
Q

what are the gender differences in childhood play? what specific hormones contribute to this?

A

-girls are more likely to prefer calmer, cooperative play
-Exposure to high testosterone in utero is associated with greater preference for boy toys among 3.5 yo girls
-Exposure to phthalates in utero associated with preference for girl toys among 3 and 6 yo boys

42
Q

is there gender differences in math ability?

A

-in reality, there is no difference in math ability between males and females, however, there is a difference between math anxiety between males and females

43
Q

do we see gender differences in intelligence?

A

-there are no no significant sex differences in general intelligence
-we do however see gender differences in particular types of intelligence

44
Q

what type of intelligence shows a male advantage? what specific task can they do?

A

→ Spatial Intelligence- The capacity to understand, reason and remember the spatial
relations among objects or space
-there is a MALE ADVANTAGE for spatial intelligence: infant boys are more likely to recognize a stimulus that is rotated in space, this persists across lifespan
-BUT, Mental rotation only (not other spatial tasks)

45
Q

what type of intelligence shows a female advantage?

A

→ Verbal Intelligence- The capability of a person to express ideas using words in a clearly understandable manner
-there is a FEMALE ADVANTAGE: in infancy girls talk earlier, in elementary and high school girls score higher on measures of reading comprehension and verbal fluency, BUT this disappears in adulthood

46
Q

what is levy’s hypothesis

A

-he said the reason that gender differences exist is because males have a more asymmetric brain organization

47
Q

is levy’s hypothesis true? what is an alternative explanation?

A

-BUT the empirical evidence is lacking – 2 studies support, 8 studies partial support, 13 studies conflict
-alternative explanation could be its an evolutionary reason

48
Q

what is the most accepted model of gender differences? explain it

A

Biopsychosocial Model
-understanding we have genetic predispositions that lead to different thoughts/behaviours, we experience things, which leads us to learn, which circles back to the brain
see image 7

49
Q

what two things are important for sexual reproduction

A

Mesolimbic Dopaminergic (DA) Pathway and hormones

50
Q

what is the mesolimbic system? how does it work

A

The Mesolimbic System- our reward system, dopamine causes us to seek out reward
-dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) innervate brain regions in the limbic system (amygdala etc.) involved in executive, affective, and motivational function

51
Q

what specific hormone is important in sexual reproduction? what is the sequence of events?

A

-Testosterone and estradiol leads to activation of dopamine in the hypothalamus and other brain regions mesolimbic pathway
-dopamine circuitry is associated with reinforcement of sexual behavior and anticipation of reward– same in males and females

52
Q

what are the two types of receptors and what are they important for?

A

D1 Receptors- important for erection, receptive behaviour, commitment/fidelity
D2 Receptors- important for orgasm, attachment, mating bond

53
Q

explain the male Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis

A

hypothalamus (secretes GnRH)→ the pituitary (secretes FSH and LH) → testes (secretes testosterone)
IT IS CONTINUOUS AND STEADY

54
Q

explain the female Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis

A

hypothalamus (secretes GnRH)→ the pituitary (secretes FSH and LH) → ovaries (secretes estradiol)
IT IS CYCLIC

55
Q

explain the menstrual cycle

A

GnRH → FSH → growth of ovarian follicles → follicle nurtures the ovum which leads to increased estradiol → increased estradiol, increased FSH, and the follicle matures → GnRH released and there is a surge in LH → Ovulation happens (follicle ruptures and the development of corpus luteum happens) → progesterone rises → pregnancy or menstruation

56
Q

what do birth control pills do?

A

prevent the surge of LH and FSH to prevent an egg from implanting in the uterus

57
Q

does testosterone production increase or decrease across the lifespan?

A

decrease

58
Q

what does testosterone increase sensitivity in?

A

-testosterone increase sensitivity in penis and sexual arousal

59
Q

what does testosterone trigger?

A

-triggers the release of dopamine by the medial preoptic area (MPOA), and anterior hypothalamus

60
Q

what do studies that inhibit GnRH show?

A

decrease sexual desire, fantasy and initiation of intercourse

61
Q

what does high testosterone correlate with in relation to sexual behaviours?

A

-correlates with sexual interest – males with high testosterone are more likely to seek additional sexual partners

62
Q

what matters for the presence of testosterone?

A

-environment matters for presence of testosterone (ex. There is higher testosterone in single men vs. married men)

63
Q

how are sexual behaviours influenced by the menstrual cycle?

A

-sexual behaviours change throughout course of the cycle

64
Q

what is the Periovulatory period

A
  • happens during the middle of menstrual cycle, at maximum fertility and high estrogen level
65
Q

During max fertility females exhibit…

A

Higher rating of pleasure following viewing of erotic film, preference for “manly” males, and more initiation of sex

66
Q

what stage of the menstrual cycle do females have the most interest in sexual behaviours?

A

ovulatory period

67
Q

what is a study that shows that men evolutionarily like women in the ovulatory phase

A

-study showed men pics of females in and not in their ovulatory phase, they consistently chose women in their ovulatory phase to be more attractive

68
Q

what is an orgasm

A

-the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
-contraction of uterus; stimulates mammary gland

69
Q

what effects do orgasms have

A

-Important for pair bonding/ attachment
-Decreases stress response and anxiety/fear
-Facilitates trust and other social behaviors

70
Q

what do feminine type behaviours in male early childhood correlate with

A

-feminine type behaviours in male early childhood correlate strongly with homosexuality in later life,

71
Q

what do masculine type behaviours in females early childhood correlate with

A

masculinity in female early childhood is a weak predictor of homosexuality later in life

72
Q

what is a potential prenatal influence of homosexuality?

A

-Maternal immune system reacts against a protein in a newborn son and then their immune system attacks the protein needed for “male brain development” in subsequent births
-this leads to increased probability of having a gay male with OLDER BROTHERS

73
Q

what is brain differences in straight people vs gay people

A

-Brain of gay men and straight women more symmetrical than brain of straight men and lesbians
-Straight women and gay men display more amygdala connections on left side compared to increased right activation found in straight men

74
Q

what have studies on gender affirming hormone therapy concluded?

A

studies measuring effect of gender affirming hormone therapy on brain structure of transgender individuals, they found that GAHT (gender affirming hormone therapy) either feminizes brain structures in MTFs or defeminizes brain structures in FTMs

psy324- bio psych (11 decks)

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