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Anatomy of thorax and abdomen > week 6 > Flashcards

week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the Arterial supply to thoracic wall?

A
  • Posterior intercostals: Arise from the thoracic aorta.
  • Anterior intercostals: Branch from the internal thoracic artery.
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2
Q

what is the arterial supply to the 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal space?

A

Supreme intercostal artery

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3
Q

what is the arterial supply to the 3rd-11th posterior intercostal space?

A

Thoracic aorta

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4
Q

what are the branching pattern of the posterior intercostal arteries?

A
  • The “Dorsal branch” supplies the spinal cord and back muscles.
  • The “Collateral branch” travels along the superior border of the rib, where it connects or “anastomoses” with the anterior intercostal arteries.
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5
Q

where does the Internal thoracic artery arise from

A

Arise from the 1st part of
subclavian arteries

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6
Q

where does the Internal thoracic artery run?

A

Runs lateral to posterior
sternum

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7
Q

what does the anterior intercostal arteries supply blood to?

A

The anterior intercostal arteries supply blood to the superior six intercostal spaces.

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8
Q

where do the Anterior intercostal
arteries terminate?

A

They terminate by branching into the superior epigastric artery and the musculophrenic artery.

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9
Q

what are the 1st -6th anterior Upper nine intercostal spaces supplied by?

A

The 1st to 6th spaces are supplied by branches of the internal thoracic arteries.

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10
Q

what are the 7th -9th anterior Upper nine intercostal spaces supplied by?

A

The 7th to 9th spaces are supplied by branches of the musculophrenic arteries.

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11
Q

what are the 10th - 11th anterior Upper nine intercostal spaces supplied by?

A

10th-11th spaces are supplied by only posterior intercostal arteries & collateral
branches.

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12
Q

what do the Bronchial arteries supply?

A

supply blood to the lung tissue.

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13
Q

where does the left bronchial artery arise from?

A

The left bronchial artery arises from the thoracic aorta.

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14
Q

where does the right bronchial artery arise and what may it receive contributions from?

A

The right bronchial artery typically arises from the descending thoracic aorta, although variations exist. Additionally, it may receive contributions from branches of the posterior intercostal arteries.

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15
Q

what is the vasculature of the lungs?

A

Vascular supply of the lungs includes; Bronchial arteries, Left bronchial artery, Thoracic aorta, Right bronchial artery, sometimes Aorta and right superior Posterior intercostal artery.

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16
Q

what is the vasculature of the heart?

A

The vascular supply of the heart includes the Right & left coronary arteries which originate from the Corresponding aortic sinus near the base of the Ascending aorta.

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17
Q

what does anastomosis of the vasculature of the heart refer to?

A

These arteries form an anastomotic network within the heart muscle, meaning they connect or communicate with each other, providing collateral circulation. However, some areas of the heart are supplied by end arteries, meaning they do not have collateral circulation and are more vulnerable to ischemia if their blood supply is compromised.

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18
Q

where does the Ascending aorta begin?

A

Begins at aortic orifice and is found in the Middle mediastinum

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19
Q

what are the branches of the ascending aorta?

A

Branches:
– Left coronary a.
– Right coronary a.

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20
Q

what is the Arch of aorta also known as?

A

aortic arch

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21
Q

where does the arch of aorta begin and end?

A

Begins & ends at level
T4/5

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22
Q

what positions does the aortic arch arch in?

A

Arches superior, posterior
& left; then inferiorly

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23
Q

what nerve runs anterior to aortic arch?

A

Left vagus nerve runs
anterior to arch and a branch of the vagus nerve called Left recurrent laryngeal nerve (LRLN) is found inferior to the aortic arch and posterior to ligamentum arteriosum.

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24
Q

what are the branches of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid and left subclavian

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25
Q

what is the Brachiocephalic trunk?

A
  • First and largest branch of arch of aorta
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26
Q

position of the brachiocephalic trunk

A
  • Posterior to manubrium
  • Anterior to trachea
  • found on Right side of heart
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27
Q

what are the terminal branches of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery

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28
Q

where does the left common carotid artery come off from?

A

the left common carotid artery comes off from the arch of aorta

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29
Q

where does the right common carotid artery come off from?

A

the right common carotid artery comes off from the brachiocephalic trunk

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30
Q

what does the Common carotid artery supply?

A

Supplies blood to head
& neck

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31
Q

what are the terminal branches of the common carotid artery?

A

Internal carotid artery and external carotid artery.

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32
Q

what does the left subclavian artery come off of?

A

arch of aorta

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33
Q

what does the right subclavian artery come off of?

A

brachiocephalic trunk

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34
Q

where does the subclavian artery terminate at?

A

Terminates at the lateral
border of 1st rib

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35
Q

what does the subclavian artery continue as?

A

Continues as the Axillary
artery

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36
Q

what is the subclavian artery divided into?

A

Divided into three parts
by the anterior scalene
muscle

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37
Q

what arteries come off of the 1st part of the subclavian artery

A

vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, and thyrocervical artery,

38
Q

what is the Descending thoracic aorta a continuation of?

A

Continuation of the arch

39
Q

where does the descending thoracic aorta begin?

A

Begins at T4/5

40
Q

where does the Descending thoracic aorta lie?

A
  • Lies on the left side of the posterior mediastinum
  • Lies posterior to the root of the left lung
41
Q

where does the Descending thoracic aorta terminate?

A

Terminates and becomes abdominal
aorta as it passes through
diaphragm at T12

42
Q

what veins pass through aortic
hiatus ?

A

Thoracic duct & azygos
vein pass through aortic
hiatus

43
Q

what are the branches of the Descending thoracic aorta?

A

– Posterior intercostals
* found on Thoracic wall
– Bronchial aa.
* found in Lungs
– Oesophageal aa.
* found in Oesophagus
– Superior phrenic aa
* above the Diaphragm (sup)

44
Q

label/identify the veins/arteries that supply the diaphragm

A
45
Q

where does the Abdominal aorta begin?

A

Begins at aortic hiatus

46
Q

where does the Abdominal aorta end?

A

Ends at level L4

47
Q

what are the branches of abdominal aorta distributed as ?

A

Branches of abdominal
aorta distributed in
three planes; unpaired, paired visceral and paired parietal.

48
Q

what are the abdominal aorta Terminal branches?

A

Common iliac artery

49
Q

Which arteries come of of the unpaired abdominal aorta branch?

A

– Celiac trunk
– Superior mesenteric a.
– Inferior mesenteric a.

50
Q

Which arteries come of of the paired visceral abdominal aorta branch?

A

– Suprarenal a.
– Renal a.
– Gonadal a.

51
Q

Which arteries come of of the paired parietal abdominal aorta branch?

A

– Subcostal a.
– Inferior phrenic a.
– Lumbar aa.

52
Q

what does the Celiac trunk supply?

A

Supplies the foregut

53
Q

what is the celiac trunk a branch of?

A

Branch of abdominal
aorta at L1

54
Q

what are the branches of the celiac trunk?

A

– Left gastric a.
– Splenic a.
– Common hepatic a.

55
Q

Blood supply to stomach diagram

A
56
Q

blood supply to the stomach (arteries)

A
  • Right gastric a. comes off of the Proper hepatic a.
    *Left gastric a. comes off of the Celiac trunk\
  • Right gastro-omental a. comes off of the Gastroduodenal a.
  • Left gastro-omental a. comes off of the Splenic a.
  • Short gastric aa. comes off of the Splenic a.
  • Posterior gastric aa.comes off of the Splenic a.
57
Q

what does the Superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Supplies the midgut

58
Q

what does the Superior mesenteric artery become at L1

A

the superior mesenteric artery arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of the first lumbar vertebra (L1).

59
Q

what is the arterial arcades of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

the interconnected loops or arches formed by branches of the superior mesenteric artery within the mesentery of the small intestine. These arcades supply blood to the small intestine and form a network of vessels that nourish the intestinal tissues.

60
Q

what is the Vasa recta of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

the straight arteries that extend from these arterial arcades into the small intestinal wall, supplying blood to the intestinal capillaries and facilitating nutrient absorption and other physiological functions in the small intestine.

61
Q

what are the branches of the Superior mesenteric artery?

A

– Jejunal & ileal branches
– Middle colic
– Right colic
– Ileocolic

62
Q

what does the Inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Supplies the hindgut

63
Q

how does the inferior mesenteric artery differ from the gonadal arteries?

A

comes off much more inferior than the gonadal arteries

64
Q

what level is the inferior mesenteric artery found?

A

abdominal aorta at L3 (abdominal aorta terminates at L4)

65
Q

what are the Branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

– Left colic a.
– Sigmoid aa.
– Superior rectal a.

66
Q

what is the Common iliac artery?

A

two (left and right) Terminal branches of
abdominal aorta.

67
Q

where does the common illiac artery bifuricate?

A

Bifurcation at L4

68
Q

what are the Terminal branches of the common iliac artery?

A

– External iliac
* goes into the Lower limb and supplies most of the lower limb
– Internal iliac
* supplies all of the Pelvic region

69
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the thorax and abdomen

A

Similar to arterial supply, but there are 2 systems; the portal and caval system.

70
Q

role of Superior vena cava

A
  • Returns deoxygenated blood from upper body
71
Q

where does the superior vena cava drain into?

A

Drains into right atrium

72
Q

what veins is the superior vena cava formed by?

A

Formed by junction of
two brachiocephalic
veins
– Subclavian vein and
internal jugular vein

73
Q
A
74
Q

what does the azygos system of veins drain?

A

Drains the back &
thoracoabdominal walls

75
Q

where is the Azygos system of veins?

A

Found on each side of the
vertebral column

76
Q

what does the azygos vein form ?

A

Forms collateral pathway
between SVC & IVC

77
Q

what does the azygos vein drain into?

A

Drains into the SVC

78
Q

where is the Hemiazygos vein found and what does it drain into?

A

Left side, Drains into azygos at T9

79
Q

which side is the Accessory hemiazygos found and what does it drain into?

A

Left side, Drains into azygos at T7/8

80
Q

where does the Inferior vena cava begin?

A

Begins at L5 where
common iliac veins
merge

81
Q

where does the inferior vena cava descend?

A

Ascends on right side
posterior to liver

82
Q

where does the IVC pierce the diaphragm

A

At T8

83
Q

Where in the heart does the inferior vena cava enter?

A

Enters right atrium

84
Q

Hepatic portal system role?

A

Shunts nutrient rich blood
from GIT to liver

85
Q

what is another name for the hepatic portal vein?

A

portal vein

86
Q

what are the Tributaries of portal vein?

A

These are the veins that contribute blood to the hepatic portal vein:
Splenic vein: Drains the spleen and parts of the pancreas.
Superior mesenteric vein: Collects blood from the small intestine and part of the large intestine (colon).
Inferior mesenteric vein: Drains the remaining parts of the large intestine.
Veins from lower esophagus, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, and gallbladder: These vessels gather blood from these organs and deliver it to the portal vein.

87
Q

what are portal-systemic anastomose?

A

connections between the portal venous system and the systemic venous system. They become clinically significant when there’s an obstruction in either the portal or systemic circulation, leading to abnormal dilation of these anastomoses.

88
Q

what is the Obstruction of portal or systemic circulation?

A

When there’s a blockage in either the portal vein (which carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver) or the systemic veins (which return blood from the body to the heart), it disrupts the normal flow of blood.

89
Q

what is Abnormally dilated anastomoses?

A

Due to the blockage, certain blood vessels called anastomoses dilate or enlarge to compensate for the restricted blood flow. These dilated anastomoses allow blood to bypass the blocked area and maintain circulation.

90
Q

what are the locations of Portal-systemic anastomoses?

A

– Submucosa of inferior
oesophagus
– Submucosa of anal canal
– Paraumbilical region
– Posterior aspects of
secondary retroperitoneal
structures

91
Q

Clinical Consequences of Portal-systemic anastomosis

A
  • peraumbilical veins creates pressure in the abdomen, as theres some obstruction around the portal system, which means blood will now return back to the inferior vena cava via the anastomosis.
  • rectal anastomosis- anal region: whoch causes hemerrhoids
92
Q

Label this diagram of abdominal aorta branches

A

-purple= paired parietal branches of abdominal aorta

Anatomy of thorax and abdomen (13 decks)

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