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CTL > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Process many different kinds of incoming sensory information Source of thoughts, emotions, memories, origin of most signals that stimulate muslces to contract and glands to secrete.

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2
Q

What are teh components of the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A

Nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses and sensory receptors

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4
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A nerve is a bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons plus associated connective tissue and blood vessel that lies outside the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What is a ganglia?

A

Ganglia are small masses of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies, that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord.

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6
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory Function (input) Integrative Function (Process) Motor Function (Output)

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7
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

Neuroglia are smaller cells but they greatly outnumbered neurons. Neuroglia support, nourish and protect neurons, and maintian the interstitial fluid that bathes them

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8
Q

What are the main parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body - contains the nucleus and other organelles Dendrites - the major receiving or input portion of a neuron Axon - output portion of a neuron

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9
Q

What is the difference between mulitpolar, bipolar and unipolar neurons?

A
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10
Q

how are neuonrs classified?

A

Classified accroding to the direction in which hte nerve impulse (action potential) is conveyed with respect to CNS.

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11
Q

What are teh categories of functional classifcation for neurons?

A

Sensory (Afferent) neurons

Motor (efferent) neurons

Interneurons (Associated neurons)

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12
Q

What are the diffeerent types of neurolia found? (In CNS and PNS)

A

CNS (only):

  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal Cells

PNS (only)

  • Schwann cells
  • Satelite cells
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13
Q

What are astrocytes and waht do they do?

A
  • Star shaped cells that have many processes
  • Largest and most numerous of the neuroglia
  • Contain microfilaments provides strength which enables them to support neurons
  • Processes of astrocytes wrapped around blood cappilaries isolate neurons of the CNS from various potentially harmful substanes in blood by secreting chemcials that maintain tehe unique selective permeabilit characteristics of the endothelial cells of the capillaries
  • The endotherlial cells create blood-brain barrier, which restricts the movement of substances between the blood and intertisial fluid of the CNS
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14
Q

What are oligodendrocytes and what do they do?

A

Resemble astrocytes but are smaller and conotain fewer processes

Their processes are responsible for fomring and maintaing the melin shealth around axons

Myelin sheath is a multilayeres lipis and protein covering around some axons that insulates them and icnreases the speed of nerve impulse conduction

Such axons are said to be myelinated

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15
Q

What are microglia and what do they do?

A
  • Small cells with slender processes that give off numerous spine-like projections
  • Function as phagocytes
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16
Q

What are ependymal cells and waht do they do?

A
  • Are cuboidal to columnar cells
  • Arranges in a single layer that possess microvili and cilia
  • These cells line the ventricles of the rbain and central canal of the spinal cord
  • The ventricles are spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which protects and nourishes the brain and spinal cord
  • THey produce and assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
  • THey also form the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
17
Q

What are schwann cells and what do they do?

A
  • These cells encircle PNS axons
  • They form the myelin sheath around axons - each cell myelinated a single axon
  • Analogues to oligodendrocyted in CNS
  • They paritcicapte in acon regeneration
  • Neurolemma (sheath of schwann) the outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the shwann cell which encloses the myelin shealth
  • Found only arounf axons in the PNS
  • Nodes of ranver - gaps in the myelin sheath that appear at intervals along the axon
18
Q

What are satelite cells and waht do they do?

A
  • Flat cells that surround the cell bodies of neurons of PNS ganglia
  • provides structural support
  • Regulate the exchanges of materials between neruonal cell bodies and itnerstitial fluid
19
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of axons that is located in the PNS

20
Q

What is a tract?

A

Abundle of axons that is located in the CNS, interconnect neurons in the spinal cord and brain

21
Q

What is the difference between white and grey matter?

A

White matter: composed priamrility of myelinated axons (whitish colour of myelin)

Grey Matter: contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals and neuroglia

  • Nissl bodies imparta grey colout and there is little or no myelin in these areas
  • blood vessels are rpesent in both white and grey matter
  • in the spinal cord, the white matter surround an inner core of grey matter
  • In the rbain, a thin shell of grey matter covers the surface of the brain
22
Q

What are the 2 types of electrical signals used for communication?

A

Graded potentials - sued for short-distance communication only

Action potentials - allow communication over long distances within the body

23
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Neurons communicate with otehr enurons at synapses, which are junctions between one enurons and a second neuron or an effector cell.

24
Q

How do electrical synapses occur?

A

Action potentials (impulses) conduct directly between the plasam membranes of adjacent neurons through gap junctions through connexons, which act like tunnels to connect the cytosol of the two cells directly

  • Factilitate (1) Faster communication and (2) Synchronisation
25
Q

How does a chemcial synapse occur?

A
  • Plasma memrbanes of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are separated by the synaptic cleft filled with interstitial fluid.
  • In resposne to a nerve impulse, the presynaptic neurons releases a neurotransmitter
  • Neurotransmitter diffuses through the flud in the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors in the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron
  • Postsynaptic neuron recieves the chemcial signal and in turn produced a postsynaptic potential a type of graded potential
  • Synaptic delay: the time reuired for these processes at a chemical synapse (~0.5msec), amkes chemical synapses relay signals more slowly than electrical synapses
26
Q
A

CTL (9 decks)

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