Week 6 H5,7

Question 1

Match the types of recovery with their descriptions:

1Injury-induced recovery
2Experience-dependent recovery
a. Occurs due to changes in the brain in response to the injury itself.
b. Occurs under the influence of stimulation and treatment.

Answer 1

1-a, 2-b

Question 2

What does the term penumbra refer to regarding brain injuries?

Answer 2

damaged neurons area around a stroke.

Question 3

Is this statement true or false?

Reperfusion is the impairment in the blood flow after a cerebral infarction.

Answer 3

False (it refers to the improvement in blood flow after such an event)

Question 4

What medical intervention dissolves clots in the brain after a cerebral infarction?

Answer 4

Thrombolysis

Question 8

What does diffuse connectivity mean in terms of brain recovery mechanisms?

Answer 8

Neurons involved in complex cognitive functions are distributed throughout the cortex, allowing signals to be sent through multiple pathways.

Question 9

What does Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) investigate?

Answer 9

It investigates whether changes in activation of areas distant from the lesion are beneficial or detrimental to function.

Question 10

Match the following methods of NIBS with their descriptions:

1Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS)
2Transcranial alternating current stimulation (TACS)
3Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
a. Electromagnetic induction causes depolarisation and hyperpolarisation of neurons.
b. the direct current corresponds to the frequency of electrical activity in the brain.
c. A weak direct current is conducted between a positive (makes neurons more active) and a negative (makes neurons less active) electrode on the skull.

Answer 10

1-c, 2-b, 3-a

Question 11

What does Brain reserve refer to?

Answer 11

Individual neuroanatomical differences like a thicker neocortex that can lead to structural and functional properties preserving cognitive functions despite damage.

Question 12

How is Cognitive reserve different from Brain reserve?

Answer 12

Cognitive reserve refers to the cognitive capacity and skills acquired before a brain injury and can serve as a buffer if a brain injury occurs.

Question 13

What is the ICF model used for?

Answer 13

It’s the International classification of functioning, disability, and health used to understand the relationship between different factors influencing neuropsychological functioning.

Question 15

What is the primary focus of the Restorative model in cognitive rehabilitation?

Answer 15

The Restorative model focuses on producing experience-dependent change in cognitive function, emphasizing repeated practice to strengthen specific cognitive functions.

Question 16

Match the following types of cognitive treatments of compensatory models with their descriptions:

1Internal
2External
3 Metacognitive
a. Uses tools like diaries or calendars to support cognitive functions.
b. Teaches techniques to support cognitive functions like visualization.
c. Involves reflecting on one’s thinking or cognitive functioning.

Answer 16

1-b, 2-a, 3-c

Question 17

What does Environmental adaptation in cognitive rehabilitation aim to address?

Answer 17

It aims to address situations where patients don’t have the learning capacity for skills training and ensures patients recognize the correct route.

Question 20

What are the two slave systems of the working memory model?

Answer 20

The visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop.

Question 21

What does the central executive in working memory do?

Answer 21

It supervises, regulates, and coordinates the activities of the two slave systems.

Question 22

ook in college

benoem de soorten lang- en kortetermijn geheugen.

Answer 22

Question 23

What is the focus of Squire’s standard theory regarding long-term memory?

Answer 23

Squire’s standard theory posits that long-term memory consists of distinguishable systems, mainly declarative (explicit) and non-declarative (implicit) memory.

Question 24

What type of memory provides conscious access to previously stored knowledge and facts?

Answer 24

Declarative memory provides conscious access to previously stored knowledge and facts.

Question 25

Match the components of declarative memory with their definitions: 1**Semantic memory 2 Episodic memory** a. Personal memories and events including context like time and location. b. General, factual knowledge like word meanings.

Answer 25

1-b, 2-a

Question 26

true/false? According to the **decay hypothesis,** the more similar new information is to old information, the more likely interference will occur. Answer:

Answer 26

False. This statement describes **retroactive interference**, not the decay hypothesis.

Question 27

In which memory component are emotional states crucial when reconstructing and updating stored elements?

Answer 27

**Episodic memory.**

Question 28

pair the correct non-declarative memory forms to their explanation. 1Habituation 2Conditioning 3Procedural memory 4Priming a. Reduced response to a continuously presented stimulus as the brain recognizes it's not special. b. A memory process where an unconditioned stimulus, when paired with a conditioned stimulus, evokes a behavior. c. Memory relating to learning skills by performing a sequence of actions. d. Faster processing of a stimulus that occurred before, like recalling the first two letters of each word on a list.

Answer 28

1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d

Question 29

what's a distinctive characteristic of non-declarative memories?

Answer 29

They influence behavior automatically, without executive control.

Question 30

**Autobiographical memory** is...

Answer 30

A combination of personal events and general knowledge about oneself and the world.

Question 31

**Ribot’s gradient** is....

Answer 31

A pattern where patients can recall recent events but have difficulty remembering more distant past events.

Question 32

What observation was made about Alzheimer's dementia patients using the AMI?

Answer 32

Studies observed that Alzheimer's dementia patients’ memories lacked episodic detail but had much semantic detail.

Question 33

What does **Boundary extension** refer to?

Answer 33

Boundary extension refers to the phenomenon where people store an more extended version of a scene then was actually shown.

Question 34

Define **Prospective memory.**

Answer 34

Prospective memory involves recalling information with the goal to perform an intended activity at the right moment or under the right circumstances.

Question 35

What are **Concept cells**?

Answer 35

neurons that selectively respond to specific concepts or individuals regardless of how that concept or individual is presented. example: responds to the image of a particular celebrity, for example, Jennifer Aniston, might activate whether the image is a photograph, a drawing, or even when the celebrity's name is simply mentioned.

Question 36

define **concept cells**

Answer 36

Selectively encode abstract concepts and respond to broad conceptual categories.

Question 37

Which part of the hippocampus becomes active when an episode is new?

Answer 37

The most ANTERIORLY located part of the hippocampus becomes active when the episode is new.

Question 38

Which neurotransmitter is crucial for learning and **LTP**?

Answer 38

Glutamate is essential for learning and LTP.

Question 39

Match the following memory aspects affected by amnesia with their descriptions: **1Retrograde amnesia 2Anterograde amnesia 3Working memory 4Episodic information** a. Impairment in learning new information after onset of amnesia. b. Information that has already been stored. c. Information regarding events that happened before the amnesia. d. Memory that holds multiple pieces of transitory information.

Answer 39

1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-b

Question 40

Which neurological structures are commonly impaired due to **amnesic syndrome**?

Answer 40

Structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, parahippocampal structures, diencephalon, anterior thalamus, and the mammillary bodies are affected in amnesic syndrome.

Question 41

What is a common deficiency observed in Korsakoff’s syndrome related to **amnesia**?

Answer 41

Thiamine deficiency is commonly observed in Korsakoff’s syndrome.

Question 42

Describe the nature of amnesia when it develops acutely.

Answer 42

Acute amnesia can be transient or a symptom of severe brain damage, with conditions like **Transient Global Amnesia** being common occurrences.

Question 44

Which type of amnesia is linked with psychological disorders?

Answer 44

**Functional or dissociative** amnesia is associated with psychological disorders.