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Social Psych > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Altruism is the

A

desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper

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2
Q

Prosocial behaviour is

A

any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person

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3
Q

Charles Darwin’s evolutionary perspective on prosocial behaviour posits ??

And what is the problem with this?

A

that natural selection favours genes that promote survival.

that if it was true those inclined to altruism would have died out

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4
Q

What is Kin Selection and which theory is it related to?

A

Kin selection is the idea that behaviours that help a genetic relative are favoured by natural selection, increasing that families survival

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5
Q

What is group selection?

A

helping those within your group. The more altruists in a group, the more likely the group is to survive

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6
Q

What is social exchange theory?

A

What we do stems from the desire to maximise rewards and minimise costs, we help each other because we get something out of it.

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7
Q

Is social exchange theory related to evolutionary theory?

A

no

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8
Q

What is the norm of reciprocity?

What theory is it related to?

A

the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future. Like hunter gatherer situations

Related to social exchange theory

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9
Q

Which theory suggests that helping others can relieve stress?

A

Social exchange theory - people are aroused and disturbed when they see other people suffering so it helps them to help others

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10
Q

Does social exchange theory support altruism?

A

no - people only help when the benefits outweigh the costs.

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11
Q

What hypothesis suggests that when we feel empathy for a person we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain?

A

Empathy-altruisms hypothesis

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12
Q

What are the three Basic motives underlying prosocial behaviour?

A
  1. Evolutionary psychology
  2. Social exchange theory
  3. Empathy-altruism hypothesis
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13
Q

What factors might stop a person from helping someone in need?

A 
physical danger
pain
embarrassment 
time 
The stuntman/woman youtube clip - alcohol
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14
Q

Are people with altruistic personalities more likely to help others than those lacking in the trait?

A

No, need to consider other factors - situational pressures, gender, culture, current mood.

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15
Q

What are some gender differences in prosocial behaviour?

A

Men are more likely to perform heroic acts while women are more likely to commit to helping someone over a long period of time. This is evident cross culturally

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16
Q

What is an in group and an out group?

A

In group = the group with which an individual identifies as a member

out group = any group with which an individual does not identify with

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17
Q

Are people across cultures more likely to help others within their in group compared to out group?

A

Yes

18
Q

When will be help those in our in groups and our out groups?

A

Help in-group when we feel empathy. We are more likely to feel empathy for those in our in group

help out group when it furthers our own self interests. Still capable of helping those in out groups out of empathy but less common

19
Q

What is a Simpatia?

A 
Common in spanish speaking countries - refers to a range of social and emotional traits:
friendly
polite
good-natured
pleasant 
helpful toward others
20
Q

In what kind of culture is it more likely someone will help strangers on city streets?

A

Cultures that value friendliness and prosocial behaviour

21
Q

Why are we more likely to help others when we’re in a good mood?

A
  • Good moods make us look on the bright side of life
  • helping others can prolong our good mood
  • good moods increase self attention
  • Remember - helping old man pick up paper.
22
Q

Will people help others when they feel bad?

A

Yes, if you feel bad you will do good to help you feel better. Cancel out bad deeds or relieve guilt

Sad people will be motivated to do good things to make themselves feel better

23
Q

What is the negative-state relief hypothesis?

A

The idea that people help others to alleviate their own sadness and distress - an example of social exchange theory - helping others to help themselves

24
Q

What are some situational deterrents to prosocial behaviour?

A

presence of in group
peer pressure
the number or people around
bystander effects

25
Q

Are people in small towns more likely to help strangers in the street? If so, would they do the same in a large city?

A

Yes more likely to help someone in a small town, not more likely to help someone in a large city. It matters more where the incident occurs than where the person grew up

26
Q

What is the urban overload hypothesis?

A

People living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it.

27
Q

According to the urban overload hypothesis, if you put urban dwellers in a calmer, less stimulating environment, they would be as likely as anyone to reach out to others

A

yes…

28
Q

Are people who have lived in one place more likely to help others there? If so, why?

A

Yes. Because after living there for a long period of time the form greater attachments to community, have more inter-dependence with neighbours, have greater concern for their reputation within the community

29
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

The greater number of people witnessing the emergency, the less likely it is someone will help. In terms of receiving help, there is no safety in numbers. Someone who witnesses an event alone is more likely to help.

30
Q

What was the case of Kitty Genovese?

A

She was repeatedly stabbed in front of 38 witnesses and no one called the police or helped.

31
Q

What does residential mobility refer to?

A

where you live, how long you have lived there and how that relates to the changes of you helping someone.

32
Q

How does noticing an event effect your chances of helping someone in an emergency or trouble?

A

something as trivial as being in a hurry can stop you from noticing someone is in trouble.

33
Q

What is pluralistic ignorance?

A

Bystanders assuming that nothing is wrong in an emergency because no one else looks concerned - when we are unsure about a situation our faces go blank, this can be dangerous in large groups because if no one looks concerned perhaps no one will react. Or if you see others walking past someone in need you will assume they don’t need help

34
Q

How does assuming responsibility effect the chances of acting to help another?

A

even if we interpret an event as an emergency we have to decide it is our responsibility to do something about it. No one did this for Kitty Genovese, even though she was screaming for help

35
Q

What is the diffusion of responsibility?

A

as the number of bystanders increases, each bystanders sense of responsibility decreases

36
Q

What is the difference between communal relationships and exchange relationships?

A

Communal - The primary concern is with the welfare of the other person. Pay less attention to who is getting the help compared to exchange relationships. More likely to have these relationships within in groups
Exchange relationships - Expect favours to be repaid quickly, concerned with that you get in return

37
Q

Latane & Darleys Smoke Filled room study:

A

Lone woman reacts immediately,

When there were 20 people, woman looked uncomfortable but didn’t leave. Man was told to stay after he tried to leave, ended up staying.

38
Q

What Are the main situational factors to be considered?

A

1 - Bystander effects (alone vs not alone)
2 - In a hurry -(situational constraint)
3 - Asked for it (world belief)
4 - Role of ambiguity - schematic processing

39
Q

What are the five steps to Latane & Darleys cognitive model

A
  1. Notice something is happening
  2. Interpret event as an emergency
  3. Take responsibility for helping
  4. Decide how to help
  5. provide help
40
Q

Key Term: Norm of Reciprocity

A

The expectation that helping others will increase likelihood they will help in the future

Social Psych (6 decks)

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