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psy324- bio psych > week 7- emotional behaviours > Flashcards

week 7- emotional behaviours Flashcards

1
Q

what is the positivity ratio?

A

For every heart-wrenching negative emotional experience you endure, you need to experience at least three heartfelt positive emotional experiences that uplift you

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2
Q

what are the 4 components to an emotional response? use the example of seeing a bear to explain each one

A
  1. Cognition- you see a bear, you evaluate that it’s dangerous
  2. Feelings- you see a bear, you feel scared
  3. Behavioural- you see a bear, you decide to run away
  4. Physiological- you see a bear, you shake and your heart starts racing
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3
Q

what system do emotional situations arouse?

A

the autonomic nervous system – they receive sensory info from organs and sends outputs to control those organs

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4
Q

within the autonomic nervous system, what system do emotional situations arouse?

A

sympathetic

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5
Q

When we are in danger, do we run because we are scared or are we scared because we are running – in other words is physiological arousal necessary for emotion?

A

results suggest that autonomic responses and subjective experience are not ALWAYS closely connected even though they are TYPICALLY related – you don’t ALWAYS have to experience emotion to have an autonomic response

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6
Q

what are the two ways we study if physiological arousal is necessary for emotion?

A
  1. Pure Autonomic Failure- we use individuals with pure autonomic failure
  2. Brain Damage- people with brain damage
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7
Q

what do people with pure autonomic failure report feeling when we test them for emotion?

A

they report feeling the same emotions as normal people, but less intense

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8
Q

what do people with brain damage in the right somatosensory cortex report feeling when we test them for emotion?

A

-individuals with damage to the right somatosensory cortex have typical autonomic responses but lack subjective experience of emotions to emotional music

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9
Q

what do people with brain damage in the prefrontal cortex report feeling when we test them for emotion?

A

individuals with damage to prefrontal cortex have weak autonomic responses but normal subjective responses to emotional music

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10
Q

our __________ increase our emotional intensity

A

physiological responses

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11
Q

describe the horror movie emotional intensity study

A

-in one study, people watched a horror movie in either a hot or cold room, asked “what was your experience” – people who watched it in the cold room rated the movie as scary

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12
Q

our own perceptions of our _______ tend to contribute to our emotions

A

bodies’ actions

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13
Q

describe the facial feedback hypothesis study (1988)

A

-researcher manipulated participants facial expressions without them knowing
-he had participants put a pencil in their mouth to force them to do a duchenne smile
-he wanted to see if forming a certain facial expression strengthens the internal feeling of that expression (ex. Does forcing a smile make you happy?)

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14
Q

what did the replication crisis show about the facial feedback hypothesis

A

some labs saw results, some didn’t – there were tens of thousands participants in 19 countries and they found…. The pencil in mouth task did NOT replicate BUT facial mimicry and voluntary facial action amplified and initiated happiness!

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15
Q

how does botox affect emotion

A

-blocks transmissions at synapses and nerve-muscle junctions, prevents release of acetylcholine which promotes facial paralysis, which influences emotions

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16
Q

how do people with botox react to unhappy sentences and emotionally driven videos

A

-people who get botox exhibit a slower response time reading unhappy sentences, they have weaker than average responses to emotionally driven videos

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17
Q

what is mobius syndrome? how is it characterized?

A

-Underdeveloped 6 and 7 cranial nerves
-leads to a lack of facial expression, crossed eyes, inability to smile or move head.

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18
Q

how does having mobius syndrome affect emotion?

A

they still express feeling happy

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19
Q

does being able to move your face affect emotion? (botox and mobius syndrome)

A

so yes, its RELATED, but you don’t NEED to move your face to feel emotions

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20
Q

what are the 6 basic emotions

A

happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise

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21
Q

are basic emotions innate (result of evolution and cannot be learned)? describe a study to support

A

YES
-comparing blind and sighted people, their body language and facial expressions after losing a match for a model are very similar

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22
Q

how is emotion expressed?

A

face – body – voice interactions

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23
Q

describe the body and facial interaction study

A

-study by Heijnsbergen & de Gelder (2005): had participants have congruent vs incongruent (matching or not matching) body and facial expressions and told people to guess their emotion
-Result: worse at recognizing on incongruent trials

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24
Q

what body system is most involved/critical in emotion?

A

limbic system

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25
Q

what emotion depends on just one brain area and what brain area is it?

A

disgust
-insular cortex

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26
Q

other than disgust, do we have specific regions in the brain dedicated to each emotion?

A

no

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27
Q

what brain structures are in the limbic system?

A

-amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus

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28
Q

what is the amygdala involved in?

A

regulating emotion and memory including the brain’s reward system, stress, and fight or flight response

29
Q

what is the hippocampus involved in?

A

memory formation, learning and spatial navigation, and it provides context for emotional meaning

30
Q

which brain structures remember the “dry facts” vs. the “emotional flavour” of things?

A

hippocampus=dry facts
amygdala=emotional flavour

31
Q

what does the right vs. left prefrontal lobe regulate?

A

-the right prefrontal lobe regulates negative emotions such as fear, aggression and sadness
-the left prefrontal lobe also regulates negative emotions however it “puts them in check”

32
Q

what is the neocortex involved in?

A

language, consciousness, and emotional processing

33
Q

what is the thalamus responsible for?

A

relays sensory and motor signals and it regulates consciousness, sleep, and alertness

34
Q

what does it mean that we can represent basic emotions within a dimensional framework?

A

we represent emotions through both either high or low arousal and positive or negative valence

35
Q

describe the continuous dimension voxel study

A

-researchers used fMRI tech and saw how people responded to emotional movies – they found that the right temporo-parietal junction responded to emotionally charged movies. BUT, when you measure one region of the brain, that still holds many many neurons. So, they broke down the right temporo- parietal junction into voxels and further divided that into three dimensions: Complexity, Polarity, and Intensity (see below)
-each voxel activates a certain amount of emotion depending on where it is in comparison to the three dimensions (intensity, polarity, complexity)
-the voxels respond in a gradient dependent way
SEE IMAGE 1

36
Q

what are the two systems that control interactions with environment and control one’s emotions

A
  1. Behavioural Activation System
  2. Behavioural Inhibition System
37
Q

for the behavioural activation system, what type of arousal happens, does it cause you to approach or avoid the environment, and what part of the brain is activated?

A

-Low to moderate autonomic arousal
-Tendency to approach
-Left hemisphere activation of frontal and temporal lobe

38
Q

for the behavioural inhibition system, what type of arousal happens, does it cause you to approach or avoid the environment, and what part of the brain is activated?

A

-Increased attention and arousal
-Social withdraw, fear and disgust
-Right hemisphere activation of frontal and temporal lobe

39
Q

what are the 2 functions of emotions? explain each

A

→ said to be adaptive behaviours (evolutionary)
-for example fear helps us escape, anger helps us attack, disgust helps us avoid
→ also said to be a guide for making quick/moral decisions

40
Q

which of the 2 functions of emotions is supported by researchers?

A

guide for making quick/moral decisions NOT evolutionary

41
Q

what is the trolley dilemma?

A

SCENARIO-A runaway trolley is headed toward five people on a track. The only way you can prevent their death is to switch the trolley onto another track, where it will kill one person. Would it be right to pull the switch?

42
Q

what are the 2 main aspects people take in the trolley scenario?

A

Utilitarian aspect- usually choose 5 people to die
Emotional aspect- asks “how would you feel performing the action?”

43
Q

what brain structure is the “main player” in emotional response?

A

amygdala

44
Q

how do emotions go from the lateral nucleus to the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

A

-the lateral nucleus receives info from other parts of brain (thalamus and hippocampus)
-then the lateral nucleus sends info to the basal nucleus and striatum as well as the thalamus
-the basal and lateral nuclei send info to the central nuclei
-then that goes down to the parasympathetic, sympathetic, etc. systems

45
Q

what emotional response are babies born with?

A

fear – also called a startle reflex

46
Q

what specific brain structure is involved in fear

A

amygdala

47
Q

what is the most basic form of emotional learning

A

a conditioned emotional response to fear

48
Q

in what brain structure does emotional learning occur in?

A

amygdala

49
Q

describe the amygdala fear circuit

A

-you see a fearful event (input), comes in through retina, through thalamus, gets back projected on visual cortex, then thalamus and visual cortex sends info to amygdala, amygdala activates the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) and activates the hippocampus to stimulate memories to know in the future to stay away from that object

50
Q

what type of facial expression evokes the strongest amygdala response

A

when a facial expression is difficult to interpret

51
Q

when people damage their amygdala, can they still feel emotion?

A

yes, however, they report that they experience very little arousal from viewing unpleasant photos

52
Q

describe patient SM’s situation. can she feel emotion?

A

-SM had Urbach-Wiethe disease, which is rare genetic condition that causes calcium to build up in the amygdala until it wastes away
-she reports fearlessness that is dangerous to her: robberies at gunpoint, physical assaults, no inhibition when strangers approach
-she reports feeling angry but not afraid in response to these incidents
-she reports an inability to recognize fear or disgust, or report reduced intensity
-she can occasionally feel emotions – when she is instructed to look at someone’s eyes, her ability to recognize fear improves greatly

53
Q

what happened when someone asked patient SM to draw what fear looks like?

A

-she she is asked to draw what fear looks like to her, she is unable to draw the facial expression of fear and instead drew a picture of a baby running away, even though for the other 6 facial expressions of emotion she could draw the correct facial expression

54
Q

what does damage to the insular cortex result in?

A

inability to experience and recognize disgust.

55
Q

what does aggressive behaviour depend on?

A

testosterone

56
Q

what aggressive behaviours are men (cross culturally) more likely to engage in than women?

A

males are more likely to fight than females, commit more violent crimes, and shout more insults

57
Q

does more testosterone equal more aggression in both women and males? why?

A

in males yes, in women, no because it depends on CONTEXT

58
Q

what are the two reasons we see aggressive behaviours?

A
  1. Reproductive behaviours
  2. Defensive behaviours
59
Q

what three brain structures aid in aggression

A

-amygdala
-ventro medial prefrontal cortex
-serotonergic system

60
Q

how does the serotonergic system control aggression?

A

less serotonin=more aggression

61
Q

what do individuals with low activity in MAO gene show?

A

strong relationship between maltreatment and antisocial maltreatment

62
Q

how do we study happiness?

A

compassion

63
Q

do people with high behavioural activation or inhibition system show more happiness

A

activation

64
Q

people with activity in what brain regions are more happy?

A

left prefrontal cortex and left medial prefrontal cortex are more happiness

65
Q

Sato et al (2005) – in a study with japanese men and women where they asked them to give a rating on Subjective Happiness Scale and Emotion Intensity Scale, after doing an MRI, what was found?

A

greater volume of right precuneus in happy individuals

66
Q

describe the maltreatment study and its results

A

Study- researchers took maltreated 8-15 year old children (experienced emotional, physical, sexual abuse, or neglect) and presented them with a set of facial expressions that slowly morph from happy to fearful
Results: Children with a history of maltreatment show faster reaction times to fearful faces and are quicker to detect subtle forms of negative expressions when compared to children who are not maltreated

67
Q

what is a mirror neuron?

A
  • a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another
68
Q

what is neurofeedback? what does it help?

A

-people receive real-time feedback about their brain activity
-depending on their emotions, the virtual environment changes colours
-helps change learned patterns and activity

psy324- bio psych (11 decks)

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