Week 9

Question 1

Define Ubiquitous

Answer 1

present, appearing or found everywhere

Question 2

Where is prejudice evident and how does it effect us?

Answer 2

Everywhere, can target both minority and majority groups. Creates war, violence, loss of life, anxiety, fear, constrains on freedom

Question 3

What aspects of a personas identity can be targeted by prejudice?

Answer 3

nationality
race
gender 
sexual orientation 
age
Religion
Appearance
Physical state
Weight
Disabilities
Diseases
Hair colour
Professions

Question 4

What is the difference between self concept and self esteem?

Answer 4

Self concept is what we know ourselves to be, self esteem is the value we place on ourselves

Question 5

What can prejudice lead to on a large scale and small scale?

Answer 5

extreme hatred, torture, murder and genocide.

frequent prejudice leads to diminution of self esteem, will become what people believe we are

Question 6

Define Prejudice

Answer 6

Prejudice is an attitude with three components:
1 - Affective component - type of emotion e.g. anger as well as extremity of attitude.
2 - Behavioural Component - how people act on emotions and cognitions
3 - Cognitive Component - beliefs or thoughts that make up the attitude

ABC

Question 7

Prejudice is a general attitude structure towards person/people - can go both ways. What are the implications on positive prejudice?

Answer 7

From a positive prejudice you can place expectations on people that they cannot meet, can be damaging. e.g. Saying all people in wheelchairs are amazing and inspirational, if someone in a wheelchair isn’t, can be damaging.
you’re putting people in boxes, not letting them be individuals

Question 8

define prejudice

Answer 8

A hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group

Question 9

When someone is prejudice to a group e.g. people of certain colour, how does it effect the individual?

Answer 9

Individual traits or behaviours of the individual target of prejudice will either go unnoticed or be dismissed.

Question 10

Define Stereotype

Answer 10

A generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members.

Question 11

Why are stereotypes important?

Answer 11

They help us process things faster, we don’t have the time to process everything as a new concept. Need stereotypes to live normally

Question 12

Is stereotyping cognitive or emotional?

Answer 12

Cognitive, doesn’t necessarily lead to intentional acts of abuse. A technique to simplify how we look at the world

Question 13

What is illusory correlation? And to what group does it often occur?

Answer 13

Illusory correlation is the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviors) even when no such relationship exists.

minority groups are distinctive so we remember their behaviour

Question 14

Examples of illusory correlation

Answer 14

muslims are terrorists, asians bad drivers and good at maths. only takes one example to confirm the idea in our minds

Question 15

Give example of negative effects of positive stereotyping

Answer 15

Mark Flick Study - black men being better at basketball.

If we meet a young African American man and feel astonished at his ineptitude on the basketball court, we are denying him his individuality.

Question 16

What is Benevolent Sexism

Answer 16

Stereotypical positive views of women. Idealize women romantically - admire cooking skills, want to protect them. Damaging as it limits them and assumes they’re weaker.

Question 17

How do emotions influence prejudice?

Answer 17

Negative emotions about groups are often ingrained, making them difficult to dispel, people with strong negative attitudes will create negative stereotypes to justify their emotions e.g. fear of a particular race

Question 18

Examples of the behavioural component of discrimination

Answer 18

unjustified negative or harmful action towards members of a group. E.g. Aboriginals are more likely to be jailed for minor offences when their white counterparts will be let off with a slap on the wrist

Question 19

What are microaggressions?

Answer 19

Slights, indignities and “putdowns” directed at minorities and people with disabilities. E.g. making them feel unwelcome, less friendly.

Question 20

What type of discrimination reflects social distance (the desire to keep members of a certain group from becoming too close)

Answer 20

microaggressions

Question 21

Ways to measure prejudice and why we need to

Answer 21

Bogus pipline (pretend lie detector)
Implicit Attitudes test (measures speed of positive or negative reactions to target)
people don't want to admit they are prejudice

Question 22

What is the automatic and controlled processing or stereotypes?

Answer 22

Automatic - no control over the stereotype being triggered

Controlled - gain control, ignore or refute stereotype that was automatically activated

Question 23

How does self-fulfilling prophecy work with prejudice?

Answer 23

If society believes a group of people are stupid, it will act in accord with beliefs. Educational resources will not given to that group, so they will not attain correct education and will be stupid

Question 24

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 24

The apprehension experiences by members of a minority group that they might behave in a manner that confirms an existing cultural stereotype, the worry interferes with their ability to perform.

Question 25

What causes prejudice?

Answer 25

Children learn from parents and grandparents

Question 26

What is institutionalized racism & sexism and normative conformity?

Answer 26

racists/sexists attitudes help by vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm. Normative conformity is the strong tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill groups expectations and acceptance

Question 27

What is the first step to prejudice?

Answer 27

social categorizations (creation of groups) us vs them.

An underlying theme of social cognition, useful and necessary but can have profound implications

Question 28

What is In group Bias? Why does it occur?

Answer 28

positive feeling to those in our in group and negative feelings to those in our out group for that reason alone. Motivated by self esteem, peoples self esteem is enhanced by their in groups when they view them as superior to other groups

Question 29

What is out group homogeneity?

Answer 29

in group members perceive out group members of being very similar when they aren’t. “They” are so alike

Question 30

what is Institutionalized Discrimination

Answer 30

Practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue of its ethnicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other target of societal or company prejudice

Question 31

What is Ultimate Attribution Error

Answer 31

The tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people

Question 32

What is Scapegoating

Answer 32

The tendency for individuals, when frustrated or unhappy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless

Question 33

Relying heavily on dispositional attributions often leads us to make what mistakes?

Answer 33

attributional mistakes

Question 34

What happens when we make negative dispositional attributions about a whole group of people rather than situational attributions?

Answer 34

We make ultimate attribution error which is our tendency to make dispositional attributions about an individual and apply it to an entire group of people.

Question 35

What is blaming the victim?

Answer 35

The tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, is typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place. Example - rape victims

Question 36

Examples of blaming the victim?

Answer 36

rape victims

Question 37

What is mutual interdependence?

Answer 37

the need to depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to each group

Question 38

Six ways to reduce prejudice with contact

Answer 38

Mutual interdependence
Common goal
Equal status
Friendly, informal setting
Knowing multiple out-group members
Social norms of equality