Week #9

Question 1

Relationship between educational returns in the labour market

Answer 1

High educ attainment does not translate into labour market advantage for visible minorities

• Devaluation of educational credentials received outside Canada, U.S., Europe
• Visible-minority immigrant women most disadvantaged in labour market

-Immigrants often improve their occupational status over time, but initial disadvantage gap rarely closed.

Question 2

What is host-country-specific human caputal

Answer 2

Direct beneftis:
- Locally obtained schooling leads to higher wages among immigrants
- Employers better able to assess local credentials
Indirect benefits
“Bridging networks” vs. “Bonding networks”

Question 3

Define bridgin networks

Answer 3

k

Question 4

define bonding networks

Answer 4

k

Question 5

what is educational mismatch?

Answer 5

Underemployment (2008) 
Education mismatch:
42% of foreign-born workers
28% of Canadian-born workers
Perceptions
>50%  of skilled immigrants feel overqualified

Question 6

what is the success orientation model?

Answer 6

.

Question 7

How are 2nd generation doing in Ontario?

Answer 7

Among 23-34 yr olds in Ontario, 2006:

• 2nd generation men have higher unemployment rates than 3rd generation (except Chinese)
• Many groups have lower earnings than 3rd generation
• 2nd generation women do not differ in employment rates and earnings from 3rd generation

Question 8

What is the importance of lifecourse perspective for immigrants?

Answer 8

Importance of socio-historical and cultural contexts

• Historical context
• Cohort & intergenerational differences

Question 9

How does racial/ethnic inequality effect later life?

Answer 9

• Varying levels of assimilation & acculturation
• Many 1st generation immigrants experience poverty in later life
• Women further disadvantaged
• Lacking fluency in English or French a disadvantage
• Receipt of public benefits and services

Question 10

what is the role of state support systems and recent arrival?

Answer 10

• Residency requirements & other eligibility rules
• Histories of precarious employment
• Access to social assistance

Question 11

what is the role of family in recent arrival?

Answer 11

• Reliance on income from family members

- Co-residence

Question 12

What factors influence family caregiving?

Answer 12

• cultural beliefs, and values of religious, racial/ethnic groups
• Eligibility for govt. benefits
• Language barriers
• Cultural and structural assimilation
• Financial reasons—share household

Question 13

what is family caregiving among aboriginals like?

Answer 13

• Older adults highly dependent on economic and emotional support
• Tradition
• High levels of need

Question 14

what is the cumulative impact of historical inequalities?

Answer 14

“Because wealth is often passed on from one generation to another in the form of
inheritance or inter vivos transfers, it is cumulative in nature; thus, the wealth holdings of contemporary cohorts are shaped by historical forms of racial domination” (Brown, p. 243)