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psy324- bio psych > week 9- cognitive functions > Flashcards

week 9- cognitive functions Flashcards

1
Q

what is lateralization

A

Division of labor between the two hemispheres

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2
Q

what 4 structures is information exchanged between hemispheres through

A

-The corpus callosum**
-The anterior commissure
-The hippocampal commissure
-A few other small commissures

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3
Q

what is contralateralization

A

each hemisphere (right and left) controls/communicates with the opposite side of the body

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4
Q

what hemisphere specializes in language (for most people)

A

left

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5
Q

how does age affect which hemisphere we use for speech?

A

-Young children activate the right hemisphere during speech more than adults do
-As they grow older, most of them gradually suppress the right hemisphere during speech and emphasize the left hemisphere.

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6
Q

One section of the temporal cortex,______________, is larger in the left side for 65 percent of people.

A

planum temporale (Wernicke’s Area)

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7
Q

is visual perception contralateral

A

yes

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8
Q

what visual field is connected to each part of the retina?

A

-The right visual field is connected to the left side of the right retina and the left side of the left retina
-the left visual field is connected to the right side of the right retina and the right side of the left retina

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9
Q

Each ear sends the information to ________ side of the brain

A

both

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10
Q

what ear does the brain compare input from? what is this called

A

both ears, localization

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11
Q

Each hemisphere does pay a little more attention to the ear on the _______ side.

A

opposite

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12
Q

what does damage to the corpus callosum cause?

A

prevents the hemispheres from exchanging information

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13
Q

how do doctors cure epileptic people who don’t respond to drugs

A

doctors will attempt to remove the focus (the point in the brain where the seizures begin) but sometimes this isn’t possible if that area is needed for something so they sometimes cut the corpus callosum

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14
Q

what does cutting the corpus callosum in epileptic patients cause?

A

-restricts the seizure to one hemisphere
-Epileptic activity rebounds back and forth between the hemispheres and prolongs a seizure

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15
Q

how do people with split brain use their hands?

A

still maintain normal intellect and motivation, are still able to walk and talk, but they tend to use their hands independently

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16
Q

explain Sperry’s split brain operation study

A

if they viewed the word “HATBAND” and asked to write what they saw and pick out what they saw in a group of objects, they can write just the word BAND with their right hand and then only pick out the HAT with their left hand when picking it out in a group of objects

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17
Q

what do people with split brain have particular difficulty doing?

A

naming objects briefly viewed in the left visual field

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18
Q

does zero information go between hemispheres in split brain people?

A

no, A small amount of information can still be transferred via several smaller commissures

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19
Q

what happens immediately after surgery in split brain people

A

the hemispheres are in conflict (ex. differences in opinion, etc.)

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20
Q

is the left or right hemisphere considered the “interpreter”? why?

A

left
-a tendency to invent and defend explanations for actions, even when true causes are unconscious

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21
Q

which hemisphere is known to see the “big picture”

A

right
(Helps relate what one hears to the overall context)

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22
Q

which hemisphere is involved in spatial relationships

A

right

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23
Q

what does damage to the right hemisphere cause in relation to conversations?

A

difficulty perceiving others’ emotions, failure to understand humor and sarcasm, and a monotone voice

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24
Q

what happens when we ask about a traumatic experience if the left hemisphere is inactivated?

A

they can’t speak at all

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25
Q

what happens when we ask about a traumatic experience if the right hemisphere is inactivated?

A

they can describe traumatic or emotional experiences but do not remember feeling the emotion

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26
Q

Most tasks require _________ from both hemispheres. give an example using language

A

cooperation
ex. you need to know the rules of language and how to say things

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27
Q

how did language evolve over time

A

from communication by gestures

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28
Q

what type of communication was a precursor to language (other than gestures)

A

Sound plus mouth gesture (onomatopoeia)

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29
Q

what are the 2 main brain-based language development theories? which one is likely and which is not?

A

→ By-product of overall brain development (unlikely)- as we evolve, our brain got bigger and more developed
→ Evolved as a specialization (likely)- children evolve in language ability as a specialization

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30
Q

what can a lack of early language exposure lead to?

A

permanent impairment in language because there is a sensitive period to learning language

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31
Q

when learning a second language, what are adults vs. children better at?

A

Adults are better at memorizing vocabulary, but children excel at learning pronunciation and unfamiliar aspects of grammar

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32
Q

what is the age cutoff for FLUENCY EQUAL TO A NATIVE SPEAKER in learning a new language

A

12 (there is no cutoff for actually learning a language tho)

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33
Q

what brain difference do we see in bilingual people

A

BOTH hemispheres being used for speech

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34
Q

what is the most prominent factor in people learning new languages

A

individual differences

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35
Q

what is wernicke’s aphasia? (known as fluent or receptive aphasia)

A

-Characterized by impaired language comprehension and ability to remember object names
-Recognition of items is often not impaired; ability to find words is impaired
WORD SALAD

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36
Q

what are the typical characteristics of someone with wernicke’s aphasia?

A

-Articulate/fluent speech
-Difficulty finding the right word: anomia
-Poor language comprehension
-Difficulty understanding speech, writing, and sign language

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37
Q

what is broca’s aphasia? (known as non fluent, expressive aphasia)

A

-limited language
-only able to say single words or very short sentences

38
Q

how do people with broca’s aphasia use grammar vs. normal people

A

They use closed class of grammatical forms (they don’t say “i go to the park” they say “i go park”)

39
Q

what type of words do people with broca’s aphasia have trouble understanding?

A

the same ones they omit, complex sentences
-BUT they generally recognize when something is wrong in a sentence and have some knowledge of grammar.

40
Q

what do people with broca’s aphasia rely on?

A

logical guessing

41
Q

describe patient tan’s situation

A

had broca’s aphasia, only able to say the word tan

42
Q

despite only being able to say the word “tan”, what could patient tan do?

A

sing popular french anthems

43
Q

what did charles karsnur mills do? did it work? why?

A

-he created the first treatments for aphasia with song
-he was not able to transfer the words in the songs to propositional speech, he hypothesized it was too strongly connected to the melody (ex. Like if someone asked you what letter is after j in the alphabet, you can’t just pick it out you have to sing the alphabet song to get there)

44
Q

what hemisphere is involved in singing

A

right (even though speech is left)

45
Q

what is melodic intonation therapy?

A

-used limited-pitch melodies that do not resemble popular music
-Each target sentence is “composed” so that the inflection pattern, rhythm, and stresses are similar to the speech prosody of that sentence

46
Q

what are the 7 steps in Melodic Intonation Therapy

A
  1. Session starts with humming while tapping hand
  2. Therapist then intones the sentence while tapping hand
  3. Therapist and Patient both intone with tapping
  4. Unison (therapist and patient) intone while fading
  5. Immediate repetition
  6. Time delay repetition (6 seconds)
  7. Time delay probe questions (get patient to answer question on what they just sang)
47
Q

what is the main critique of MIT

A

-Unknown mechanism of action

48
Q

what are the 3 theories as to why MIT works?

A

-Sparks, Helm, and Albert (1974)- said mayble it’s the hemispheric differentiation and melody
-Boucher et al. (2001)- said it’s because of the rhythm….. But what about emotional speech?
-Merret et al. (2014)- said it’s the additional psychosocial impact of motivation, mood, and arousal.

49
Q

what is most impacted when people develop aphasia

A

their psychological wellbeing, social wellbeing

50
Q

which has teh worst qulity of life: cancer, alzheimer’s, or aphasia

A

aphasia

51
Q

describe the TA’s master thesis study and it’s results

A

Study: 13 week group singing session, 10 participants all with expressive aphasia, all had expressive aphasia due to stroke except for one person who had it because of a traumatic frontal lobe injury
Results: improved mood, improved confidence in voice, and an improved feeling towards living with a communication disorder. Most importantly, their life satisfaction increased after completion of the singing sessions

52
Q

what are the 3 next steps for singing as therapy?

A
  1. holding virtual group singing because many people with aphasia either live in depression/isolation, or are not able to get themselves to the sessions
  2. look at the neural and physiological benefits of this (by using fNIRS, heart rate, respiration, hormones)
  3. in the future, for group singing to be viewed as a “real therapy” (like MIT)
53
Q

what is the neuronal recycling hypothesis

A

the brain is “hijacking” parts of brain for language to use for reading, and the brain is “hijacking” or using the spatial or magnitude parts of the brain for math

54
Q

why did the neuronal recycling hypothesis come about?

A

-there are physical and behavioral traits shared by all people evolved over a period of approximately six million years, in contrast, the first forms of reading and math emerged just over 3 thousand years ago
-since they were “just” discovered, our brains did not evolve to read or do math

55
Q

describe what happens in our brain when we read something

A

you read something with your eyes, gets back projected from eyes to occipital lobe, we have a “visual form word area” that is finely tuned to recognizing letters, then gets sent to superior temporal gyrus, medial temporal gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus (broca’s area), the precentral gyrus, the supramarginal gyrus, and the angular gyrus (all shown below)

56
Q

what is dyslexia?

A

challenge of converting words into sounds when reading

57
Q

what gender is dyslexia more common in

A

males

58
Q

what does it mean that dyslexia is hetereogenous

A

the causes for being unable to read are different for all people

59
Q

how does dyslexia manifest for different people

A

-Visual word form area responds less strongly to words and more strongly to other objects.
-Some have problems with poor auditory memory.
-Some have impaired eye movements
-in general though, people with dyslexia have abnormalities in the left hemisphere

60
Q

describe the dyslexia reading task and its results

A

-study done where they got children with dyslexia and children without dyslexia and saw if there was activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus. They found that activation was not important for children without dyslexia in reading gain, BUT activation of this gyrus was important for reading gain in children with dyslexia
Results: For children with dyslexia: More activation during phonological awareness task predicted future
reading gains

61
Q

activation in what brain regions happen during doing math?

A

-in the parietal lobe, we have an “abstract magnitude region” (evolved to process magnitudes like “which of these two piles have more food” “which of these two predators is closer to me”) and we see activation there. We also have activation in the verbal word form area (in the frontal lobe – using to understand the meaning of the word three – language system), and the visual arabic number form (visual region where we see number symbols). Last, we use the angular gyrus, but people aren’t entirely sure WHY – some have proposed it brings all the regions together

62
Q

in arithmetics, what do we use the frontal regions for?

A

more domain-general processes (cognitive control ,working memory)

63
Q

in arithmetics, what do we use the parietal regions for?

A

domain specific (number processing)

64
Q

describe the retrieved vs. calculated math study and its results

A

-a study used verbal strategy reports to identify which trials were retrieved versus calculated (whether people who were asked “what is 1+1” retrieved 2 from memory or actually had to calculate it)
- a study compared brain activity for retrieved trials VS calculated trials
-when participants reported retrieval practices for numbers, the angular gyrus was the only thing that was activated, while participants that reported calculation for the study had multiple areas of brain activation

65
Q

what is dyscalculia

A

math impairment

66
Q

what brain region is dysfunctional in people with dyscalculia

A

parietal lobe, specifically the intraparietal sulcus

67
Q

what is the root cause of dyscalculia

A

magnitude representation and a mapping deficit

68
Q

describe the hippocampal volume math study and what the results show

A

-study done that showed neural predictors of individual differences in response to math tutoring in children. They look at the size of the right hippocampus in the children (they literally measured it), found that that children with a larger hippocampus showed greater performance after the tutoring
Results: Pre-tutoring hippocampal volume predicted performance improvements.

69
Q

what gender is math anxiety more common in?

A

females

70
Q

in what brain regions do people with math anxiety see overactivation in?

A

emotion regions (amygdala-fear and insula-pain and disgust) while doing math problems

71
Q

in what brain regions do people with math anxiety see underactivation in?

A

he dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the intraparietal sulcus

72
Q

what are the 3 ways we can measure consciousness?

A
  1. flash suppression
  2. masking
  3. binocular rivalry
73
Q

describe flash suppression

A

-white dots are flashing in different orientations while there’s one steady dot in middle
-our brain’s response to the flashing dots increases awareness of the steady dot and the brain’s response to it

74
Q

describe masking

A

-a brief visual stimulus is preceded, followed, or both by longer interfering stimuli
see image 6

75
Q

what brain areas are activated when masking vs. not masking

A

-when people do that in a brain scanner, researchers found the word activated different brain areas in the no masking condition, whereas only the visual cortex was activated in the masking condition

76
Q

what is binocular rivarly

A

-slow and gradual shifts of the eye sweeping from one side to another
-brain activity corresponds to reports of which stimulus is more salient
-if two images are similar, the brain fuses them together

77
Q

describe the first binocular rivalry task

A

-this task was the first way people used to measure visual imagery: participants were asked to “imagine red image” for a period of time, and then when they were showed the binocular rivalry task, they were more likely to have a response to the image they were asked to envision
see image 7

78
Q

what does consciousness require

A

the integration of information

79
Q

what brain area is integral in consciousness? why?

A

-Cerebral cortex has long-range reciprocal connections enabling each area to influence many others and receive feedback from the others.
-The connections enable information to spread, compare, and interact

80
Q

what happens when we go under anesthesia

A

Marked by decreased overall brain activity
-Decreased overall activity which leads to decreased dopamine levels and decreased connectivity between cerebral cortex and thalamus

81
Q

what happens during initial recovery of consciousness during anesthesia

A

reconnecting these areas and increased activity in the cortex (first is connectivity, second is activity)

82
Q

describe the tennis playing vegetative state study

A

-we typically check consciousness through “command following” (ex. “Squeeze my hand”) – so a neuroscientist thought he could ask vegetative patients “command following” but look at the responses in a brain scanner. He asked “imagine playing tennis” (which shows activation of the premotor cortex) and “imagine walking through the rooms in your homes” (shows activation of the parahippocampal gyrus) – he found that patients that were previously thought to be vegetative could actually imagine doing those things and after doing this on multiple patients thought to be in a vegetative state, he found that most of these patients could imagine those scenarios which mean they may not be fully in a vegetative state

83
Q

what is top down attention? give an example

A

Intentional (ex. Looking for someone you know in a group)

84
Q

what is bottom up attention? give an example

A

reaction to a stimulus (ex. A deer runs past you in the park, grabbing your attention)

85
Q

what is the stroop task

A

you have to say the actual colour of the word when the word is a colour see pic 8

86
Q

when we are presented with conflict like the stroop task, what part of the brain is activated?

A

the anterior cingulate gyrus

87
Q

when is oxytocin released

A

-Both men and women release it during sexual activity

88
Q

what happens if you give men an oxytocin nasal spray before asking them to rate pictures of their significant other?

A

they’re more likely to rate them a higher level of attractiveness and they report they are less likely to cheat

89
Q

how does oxytocin affect conformity?

A

increases conformity to the opinions of the in-group but not the out-group, trust between in-groups but not out-groups

90
Q

how does oxytocin help with threats/danger

A

increases attention to possible dangers, heightens reactions to threats, especially from strangers

91
Q

what is the current oxytocin hypothesis

A

oxytocin increases attention to social cues

92
Q

explain the cyberball study and its results

A

Cyberball game- they had kids play a computer game “cyberball” where they were passing a ball to what the kids thought was two other children (like passing the ball in a triangle), but it was actually a computer. After a while, the two other children in the game stopped passing the ball to the participant and were just passing it to each other, in which the researchers wanted to study their emotion level due to being excluded (below)
-the areas of the brain that respond to exclusion are those involved in feeling actual physical pain (the insula)

psy324- bio psych (11 decks)

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