Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology 2 > Week Seven > Flashcards

Week Seven Flashcards

1
Q

Define the upper respiratory tract

A

airways from the nasal cavity to the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define the lower respiratory tract

A

airways from trachea → lungs (bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are the lungs found?

A

in the thoracic cavity, enclosed within the rib cage and diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the makeup of each lung

A

consists of bronchi branches of the respiratory trace and a collection of millions of alveoli and their blood vessels, all embedded in elastic connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the pathway that air had to take to reach the alveoli

A

nares → nasal cavity → nasopharynx → oropharynx → laryngopharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → multiple branches of bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe what makes up the conducting zone and what it does

A

nares → terminal bronchioles
- warm, humidify, and filter air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe what makes up the respiratory zone and what role it play

A

respiratory bronchioles → alveolar sacs
gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe cells in the nasal cavity

A

respiratory mucosa with mucous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe cells in the pharynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe cells in the larynx

A

respiratory mucosa with mucosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe cells in the bronchioles

A

cuboidal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe cells in the alveoli

A

simple squamous epithelium (to allow for gas exchange)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx) and larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the nasal cavity

A

inside of the nose
- contains hairs and a mucosa to filter air and trap particles
- connected to paranasal sinuses by small passageways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the nasopharynx

A

important first warming, humidifying, and filtering inspired air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the oropharynx

A

passageway for both air and food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the laryngopharynx

A

also a common passageway for both air and food: anterior portion opens into larynx and posterior portion opens into esophagus; initiates reflex of swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the larynx

A
  • also called the voice box
  • contains the vocal cords
  • important passageway for keeping food and liquids out of the respiratory tract; during swallowing the larynx is lifted by surrounding muscles and the glottis (opening to the larynx) is closed by the epiglottis → blocks off the entry into the larynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the trachea

A
  • rings of hyaline cartilage cover the anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea (the posterior opening allows the esophagus to expand during swallowing)
  • lumen is lined with a mucosa: pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells
  • lowest part branches into right and left primary bronchi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the bronchial tree

A
  • primary bronchi very similar to trachea
  • as bronchi become smaller: cartilage rings become incomplete and more and more space between each ring, smooth muscle lining - the small bronchi can change diameter to control air flow into specific bronchioles and alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe the make up of the bronchioles

A
  • inner lining of simple cuboidal epithelium, enclosed within thick ring of smooth muscle, no hyaline cartilage. lined with elastic fibers (green lines)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the bronchioles

A

the bronchioles are the smallest airways
- airflow modulated here by bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
respiratory bronchioles:
- some alveoli budding directly off the walls
- each resp bronchioles branches into two or more alveolar ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the alveoli

A
  • the alveolar ducts end in alveolar sacs (grapelike clusters of alveoli)
  • alveoli are the final destination for inspired air within the respiratory tract
  • alveoli are also lined with elastic fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe type I alveolar cells

A

form in the innermost layer of the respiratory membrane. simple squamous cells. account for 90% if cells in alveoli; gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide) diffuse across these cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe type II alveolar cells

A

small cuboidal cells. account for 10% of alveolar wall. responsible for making and secreting surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe alveolar macrophages

A

immune cells that eat up and digest debris that gets into alveolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does surfactant do?

A

reduces the surface tension of inner alveolar wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe the surface tension of inner lining of alveoli

A

inner lining of alveoli (facing the lumen) is fully hydrated, meaning it is lined with water molecules; these water molecules from hydrogen bonds with each other; at the boundary between the air and water, these H bonds create a surface tension; if water were the only molecule present lining the inside of the alveoli, the force created by that surface tension would cause alveoli to collapse (hydrogen bonds would pull water molecules together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does surfactant help the alveoli?

A

interrupts the H bonds in order to reduce the surface tension within alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What separated the right and left lung?

A

the heart and mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do the lungs attach to the diaphragm? Each lung is found within what type of cavity?

A
  • pleural membrane
  • pleural cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe the lobes and shape of the left lung

A
  • had only two lobes (superior and inferior) and a cardiac notch (groove to make space for the heart)
33
Q

Describe the shape of the right lung

A

has 3 lobes (superior, middle, & inferior)

34
Q

Describe the pleural cavity

A

each lung is encased with a pleural cavity: 2 layers of serous membrane (parietal and visceral pleura)

35
Q

What is the role of the fluid secreted by the pleural membranes?

A

lubrication for the lungs as they expand and recoil during ventilation

36
Q

Describe the parietal pleura

A

outer layer; fused to rib cage and diaphragm; parietal pleura turns over itself and turns into visceral pleura (suction-cupped to one another)

37
Q

Describe the visceral pleura

A

inner layer, continuous with the surface of the lungs; divides into fissures to to form lobes

38
Q

Describe pulmonary ventilation

A

ventilation is the movement of air: breathe in: inspiration / breathe out = expiration
- air flows down its pressure gradient (air is a mixture of gas molecules that move from areas of high to low pressure)

39
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

pressure and volume are inversely related

40
Q

What creates the pressure gradient

A

volume changes (due to contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles, as well as the recoil properties of the elastic lungs) in thoracic cavity and lungs that lead to creation of the pressure changes

41
Q

What are the 2 main pressures that determine air flow into and out of the lungs

A
  1. atmospheric pressure ( at sea level, this is 760 mmHg)
  2. Intrapulmonary pressure (within all the alveoli)
42
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

the pressure within the pleural cavity and it changes a small amount during pulmonary ventilation

43
Q

Describe step one of the process of pulmonary ventilation

A

lungs between breaths, just after expiration
P pulm = P atm → no air flow in or out of lungs

44
Q

Describe step 2 in the process of pulmonary ventilation

A

inspiration muscles contract, lungs increase volume → decreases P pulm
P pulm < P atm → air flows into the lungs

45
Q

Describe step 3 in the process of pulmonary ventilation

A

the lungs are at the end of inspiration
P pulm = P atm → no air flow in or out of lungs

46
Q

Describe Step 4 of the process of pulmonary ventilation

A

inspiratory muscles relax, lung volume decreases
P pulm > P atm → air flows out of the lungs

47
Q

What muscles play a role in quiet inspiration?

A

diaphragm (contracts and moves downward)
external intercostals (contracts and move laterally)

48
Q

What skeletal muscles play a role in quiet expiration

A

none

49
Q

What are accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

used when inspiration is more deep and forced
- sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior (assist in elevating ribs, sternum, and clavicle)

50
Q

What are accessory muscles of expiration

A

used for forceful expiration
- internal intercostals, transverse thoracis, external oblique, rectus abdominis, internal oblique (depress ribs, move diaphragm into thoracic cavity)

51
Q

What factors influence pulmonary ventilation?

A

airways resistance, alveolar surface tension, pulmonary compliance and elastance

52
Q

What is airway resistance and how does it impact pulmonary ventilation

A

anything that impedes air flow at any point along the respiratory tract (largely determined by the airway diameter)
- the airway diameter can be modified at the bronchioles
- bronchodialation increases the diameter of the bronchioles; decreases airway resistance and increases air flow
- bronchi constriction decreases the diameter of bronchioles; increases airway resistance and decreased air flow

53
Q

What is alveolar surface tension and how does it impact pulmonary ventilation

A

the tension set up at the gas-water boundary. The higher the surface tension inside the alveoli, the harder it is for them to expand
- surface tension is decreased by the presence of surfactant; this breaks up the water molecules lining the inside walls of the alveoli and prevents them from forming bonds

54
Q

What is pulmonary compliance and elastance

A

determined by three factors
- degree of surface tension; surfactant decreases surface tension do that alveoli can inflate more easily
- distensibility and elasticity of elastic tissue gives lungs the ability to stretch during inspiration but also recoil during expiration
- ability of the chest wall to expand during expiration

55
Q

How does pulmonary compliance & elastance impact pulmonary ventilation

A

if compliance decreases, lungs are less able to expand and effectiveness of inspiration decreases
if elastance decreases, lungs are able to recoil and effectiveness of expiration decreases

56
Q

How do we measure pulmonary ventilation

A
  • we can measure the volume of air exchange with each breathe using a spirometer
  • a spirometer produces a graphs that allows us to measure lung volumes and capacities ( these are called pulmonary function tests)
57
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

amount of air inspired or expired during ventilation at rest (normal value 500 mL)

58
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

amount of air that can be forcibly inspired after normal inspiration (normal value 1900-3000 mL)

59
Q

What is expiration reserve volume?

A

amount of air that can be forcibly expired after normal expiration (normal value 1000mL)

60
Q

What is residual volume?

A

(can’t be measured with spirometry)
the air remaining in the lungs after max expiration (normal value 1200 mL)

61
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

the total volume of air that moves in/out of the lungs per minute
tidal volume x breathes per minute

62
Q

How do we calculate lung capacities

A

by adding lung volumes

63
Q

What is inspiratory capacity

A

total amount of air that a person can inspire
IC = TV + IRV

64
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

amount of air left in the lungs after tidal expiration
FRC = ERV + RV

65
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

total amount of air that you can move in/out of your lungs
VC = TC + IRV + ERV

66
Q

What is total lung capacity

A

total amount of air that can fill the lungs
TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

67
Q

What is alveolar ventilation

A

(Va) = the total volume of air reaching alveoli/minute
- some air never reaches alveoli; remains in conduction portion of lungs (anatomic dead space - Vd)

68
Q

What is the equation for minute ventilation

A

Ve = f (respiratory rate) x Vt (tidal volume)

69
Q

What is the equation of alveolar ventilation

A

Va = f (breaths per minute) x (tidal volume - anatomic dead space)

70
Q

What are the four steps of respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. pulmonary gas exchange
  3. gas transport
  4. tissue gas exchange
71
Q

Describe Dalton’s law

A

each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure (partial pressure (Pgas)). The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of partial pressures of all its component gases Patm = PN2 + Po2 + Pco2
- gases will diffuse down their partial pressure gradient

72
Q

What is Henry’s law

A

degree to which gas dissolves in liquid is proportional to both partial pressure and and solubility in liquid. Explains the behaviour of gases in air that come in contact with water in body
- nitrogen has very low solubility in water, so although there is high PN2 gradient between lungs and blood, virtually none enters into blood
- oxygen has relatively look solubility in water
- carbon dioxide is most soluble in water

73
Q

Describe pulmonary gas exchange

A
  • diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood (O2 from air in the alveoli to the blood in the pulmonary capillaries and CO2 in the opposite direction) down their partial pressure gradients
  • although Co2 doesn’t have as high of a partial pressure gradient, since the solubility is much higher, the actual amount of CO2 that diffuses acrosss is about the same as O2)
74
Q

What three factors affect the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange?

A
  1. surface area of the total respiratory membrane (where gases exchange occurs)
  2. the distance of diffusion of gases
  3. matching of ventilation and perfusion
75
Q

How does surface area of the total respiratory membrane affect efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange?

A

very high SA of the lungs is more effecient because of the structure and number of alveoli

76
Q

How does the distance for diffusion of gases impact the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange

A
  • lowest distance possible due to the simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli and capillaries
77
Q

How does matching of ventilation and perfusion impact efficient of pulmaonry gas exchange

A
  • matching the amount of air reaching the alveoli with the amount of blood flow
78
Q

Describe tissue gas exchange

A

diffusion of O2 and Co2 between systemic capillaries and the cells of tissues, down their partial pressure gradient

79
Q

What three factors affect the efficiency of tissue gas exchange

A
  1. Surface area available for gas exchanges (depends on capillary density)
  2. Perfusion of tissue (depends on how much blood flow is getting to the tissue)
  3. Distance of diffusion (depends on the type of cells that the gases need to diffuse across and how close they are to capillary bed)

Human Physiology 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions