Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology 2 > Week Ten > Flashcards

Week Ten Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A
  • chemical reactions of breakdown (released energy) and synthesis (uses energy)
  • the energy currency of the cells is ATP
  • also our source of body heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a catabolic reaction

A

breaking down a substance into smaller parts. Net result: energy release
- the body can use 3 types of nutrient monomers for catabolism to make ATP (glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids if needed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is anabolic metabolism?

A

smaller compounds joined to make a larger compound. Net result: energy use
- the body uses anabolic reactions to store molecules for energy, and to support growth, maintenance, repair
- amino acids → proteins
- fatty acids → fat (adipose tissue)
- glucose → glycogen (in muscle and liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the metabolic state of an absorptive state

A
  • anabolic reactions predominate
  • glycogenesis
  • lipogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_________ stores are limited; _______ stores are not

A

glycogen; fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the goal of an absorptive state?

A

restore blood glucose level, store excess nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the goal of a postabsorptive state

A

maintain blood glucose level and energy supply for all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the metabolic state of a postabsorptive state

A
  • catabolic reactions predominate
  • glycogenolysis
  • lipolysis
  • gluconeogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to excess amino acids that are not required for protein synthesis?

A

they are converted to glucose or fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the reaction of glucose catabolism?

A

glycogen → (through glycogenolysis) glucose → (through glycolysis and ETC) ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe glucose catabolism

A
  • reactions that involve breakdown of glucose
  • energy (ATP) is released when glucose bonds are broken
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 main components of glucose catabolism?

A

glycolysis
- O2 independent
- reaction occurs in the cytosol
- yields 2 ATP per 1 glucose molecule
citric acid cycle & electron transport chain
- O2 dependent
- reaction occurs in mitochondria
- yields about 30 ATP per glucose molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the reaction of fatty acid catabolism

A

fat (triglycerides) → (through lipolysis) fatty acid +glycerol → (through beta oxidation and ETC) ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe fatty acid catabolism

A
  • reaction that involve breaking fatty acid chains to release energy
  • involved a process called Beta-oxidation, takes place exclusively in the mitochondria
  • in the liver, beta oxidation produces ketone bodies → can be used for ATP production in many cells in the body
  • Net result of catabolism of 1 fatty acid molecule: ++ ATP, upwards of 100 ATP, but exact amount depends of length of FA chain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the reaction of amino acid catabolism?

A

proteins → amino acids → (through transamination) pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, glucose, or other amino acids → ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe Amino acid catabolism

A
  • reactions of amino acid catabolism take place in the liver
  • process: transamination
  • can be converted to different compounds and used for energy (e.g. glucose, pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA)
  • can also be converted to other amino acids, depending on the body’s needs
17
Q

What are the purposes of anaerobic metabolism?

A
  • nutrient storage
  • nutrient synthesis
  • synthesis of structural elements: proteins, phospohlipids, nuclei acids
  • synthesis of other important molecules of metabolism, etc
18
Q

When does nutrient storage take place? What are the 2 main storage forms of energy?

A
  • nutrient intake > immediate metabolic needs
  • building a supply of nutrient for the post absorptive (fasted) state
  • main storage forms are glycogen and adipose tissue
19
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A
  • excess glucose stored in the form of glycogen
  • stored in the liver & skeletal muscle
  • storage capacity is limited (about 1/2 day worth of glucose, at rest)
20
Q

What is glycogen?

A

many glucose molecules bound together in a branched chain

21
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A
  • making glucose out of noncarbohydrate precursors
  • mainly takes place in liver
  • any component made up of 3 or 4 carbons can be used to make glucose: glycerol from triglyceride breakdown; pyruvate, lactate, and other intermediated of metabolism; some amino acids (glucogenic amino acids)
22
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

process use to make fatty acids and glycerol (from glucose) and/or to store triglycerides in adipose
- fatty acid chains are attached to glycerol and assembled into triglycerides in the ER in adipocytes and then stored there

23
Q

What is the enzyme required to make new fattty acid chains? What does it do?

A

fatty acid synthase - catalyzes the reaction of adding 2-carbon unites together to make a new fatty acid chain

24
Q

Describe amino acid anabolism

A
  • 20 dietary amino acids; 9 are essential (must be obtained from diet); 11 are non essential (we can get from diet but our body can also make them from the 9 essential amino acids)
  • Our bodies have a very limited pool of free amino acids; used for protein synthesis as needed; our bodies do not ‘store’ amino acids or protein
  • excess amino acids from the diet are converted to other molecules for storage
25
Q

Explain in further detail how excess amino acids from the diet are converted to other molecules for storage

A
  • stored as glycogen: certain amino acids (glucogenic) can be converted to glucose and then stored as glycogen
  • stored as fat: certain amino acids (ketogenic) can be converted to fatty acids then stored in adipose
26
Q

Describe the metabolic state of a absorptive state

A
  • as soon as our nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine and enter the bloodstream
  • lasts up to 4 hours
  • main process: nutrients for immediate energy production, anabolic metabolism to store excess
  • insulin triggers glucose uptake by body’s cells and promotes anabolic metabolism
27
Q

Describe the metabolic state of postabsorptive state

A
  • no more nutrient available from the diet
  • catabolism metabolism dominated
  • glucagon triggers catabolic metabolism

Human Physiology 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions