Week Three: Social-Cognitive Learning and Memory

Question 1

Latent Learning

Answer 1

Edward Tolman called learning that has transpired without the immediate observable signs of its acquisition (As there no demand that necessitates it), latent learning.

Question 2

Cognitive Map

Answer 2

A cognitive map is what Edward Tolman refers to as mental representations or images as a consequence of latent learning (vicariously adopted representations of past experiences that are crucial when there is a need for execution the behaviour(s) in question.)

Question 3

Spatial maps

Question 4

Vicarious Learning

Question 5

Multi-store model of memory

Answer 5

The standard model, inspired by the primary and secondary models of memory by William James was pioneered by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, to describe the computational process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. How memory is formed through the registration of initially perceived stimulus in the sensory registration system of memory, which evolves into short-term memory (STM) where if proven to be useful, crucial, or indispensable for adaptation and survival, becomes stored as long-term memory (LTM).

Question 6

Sensory memory

Question 7

Short-term memory

Answer 7

Upon perceiving a memory, what ensues is a brief sensory representation of a stimulus which then either, becomes passed on to short-term memory if it makes a lasting impression or proves vital to evolution or adaptation (alarming, interesting, valuable, dangerous).

Has a high decay rate, in then it is erased from memory if not rehearsed.

According to Miller, 1956 people can remember or rehearse from short-term memory, seven pieces of information at a time. The standard range average across five to nine items per person. It is no coincidence (even Huberman mentioned this) why phone numbers are between five to seven digits long in most countries.

Question 8

Long-term memory

Question 9

Encoding

Answer 9

Processes involved in attending to and acquiring information from experiences and cognitive processes.

Registration of information in sensory regions of our brain, attention to elements of an experience, and interpreting and integrating these experiences with prior knowledge.

Question 10

Memory

Answer 10

A set of storage systems and processes responsible for the encoding, storing, and retrieval of information from a perceived stimulus (experience, empirical sense data, observational cues), and to compare the newfound data with past experiences in the form of memory.

Memory involves taking something that is observed and converting it into a form we can store, retrieve, and use.

Question 11

Short-term memory

Answer 11

A brief sensory representation of a stimulus.

Question 12

Long-term memory

Answer 12

Where representation may last a lifetime. They represent information that has proved invaluable to us through frequent rehearsals.

According to the standard model, the longer information is retained in STM, the more likely it is to make a permanent impression in LTM.

Question 13

Storage

Question 13

Retrieval

Answer 13

Recovering information from LTM, brings it back into STM, or consciousness

Question 14

Capacity

Answer 14

Parlance used to describe the degree to which information can be stored.

Question 15

Duration

Answer 15

Describes how long memory is retained

Question 16

Memory

Answer 16

Set of storage systems and processes responsible for encoding, storing, and retrieving memory from empirical sense data. These systems also reconcile these newly acquired information with existing memory.

Question 17

Consolidation

Answer 17

Is the process of parsing up fragmentary bits of information that prove useful and felicitous under an overarching theme, into a coherent and explicable whole to be retrieved during appropriate circumstances in the future.

Question 18

What forms of information do the neurons innervating the amygdala store?

Answer 18

Information of the different emotions that we had experienced.

Question 19

Iconic storage

Answer 19

Refers to visual sensory registration (brief retention of visual memory)

Question 20

Echoic memory

Answer 20

Auditory sensory registration

Question 21

Sensory registers

Answer 21

Sensory memory, according to Meredith, is a site where memories of perceived stimuli are held briefly for approximately half a second before it disappears, where it is mentally represented for further processing.

The split second mental representation of a perceived stimulus that remains briefly after that stimulus disappears.

Question 22

Rehearsal

Answer 22

Is a volitional means of reiterating information repeatedly so that it is transferred to LTM. This will prevent a perceived stimulus from disappearing.

Question 23

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 23

“Remembering the words to a poem, for example, is much easier if the person understands what it is about, rather than just committing each word to memory by rote.”

Meaning to say that accounting for the manifold reasons that bear out a case for the importance of a perceived stimulus will guarantee its retention in LTM.