Weeks 1-6 Flashcards
(429 cards)
1
Q
What is a Primary Prevention?
A
Reducing the incident of injury before they occur
2
Q
What is a Secondary Prevention?
A
Addressing injuries in their early stage to prevent recurrence, severity and/or secondary complications.
3
Q
What are 3 examples of Primary Prevention?
A
1)Safe field/court conditions
2)Environmental conditions
3)Protective Equipment
4)Knowledge of Medical Conditions
5)Proper Warm-Up
6)Progression of Training
7)Nutrition/Hydrations
8) Scanning for unsafe technique
9)Recognize injury patterns in a team
10) Collaboration with coaches, S&C
11)Preventative Bracing
12)Mental HLTH and Sports Psych
4
Q
What are 3 examples of Secondary Prevention?
A
1)Early identification of injuries
2)Bracing/Taping/Wrapping
3)Sufficient rehab of injuries
4)Education re:Risk (for players, parents, Coaches)
5)Sufficient reconditioning post injury (includes psych readiness)
5
Q
When to BRACE instead of Tape? x2
A
1)Ongoing Conditions
2)Larger Joints Requiring Complex Tape Jobs (lots of time and tape)
(Eg. Knee Ligaments, Shoulder Dislocation)
6
Q
Athletes often prefer Brace or Tape and why?
A
Tape, tighter and more secure
7
Q
Why may a brace be better than tape?
A
Maintains Integrity Better
8
Q
Why are proper footwear and orthotics important?
A
Help achieve proper biomechanics. which further helps prevent injuries
9
Q
Orthotics are recommended for what age?
A
Over 12
10
Q
What also should be done when orthotics are prescribed?
A
Supportive rehab to to retrain intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles and movement patterns
11
Q
Who may benefit from orthotics?
A
Effective for anyone working long shifts on feet
12
Q
How do muscles/tendons get injured? x3
A
1)Strain
2)Tendonitis/osis
3)Contusion
13
Q
How do ligaments get injured?
A
Sprain
Overstretch, dislocations, subluxations
14
Q
How do bones get injured? x2
A
1)Fractures/break (different types)
2)Bruise
15
Q
How do Nerves get injured? x2
A
1)Burner/Stinger
2)Contusion/Crush Injury
16
Q
How do Brains get injured? x2
A
1)Concussions
2)ABI Acquired Brain Injury
-Direct and Indirect Trauma
17
Q
How does skin get injured? x2
A
1)Lacerations/Abrasions
2)Contusions
18
Q
What is a strain?
A
Muscle or Tendon Break
19
Q
What is a sprain?
A
Ligament Break
20
Q
What is a grade 1 sprain/strain?
A
Tissues Stretch and Some Fibres and Disrupted
21
Q
Grade 1 Sprain?
A
Integrity of the joint maintained
22
Q
Grade 1 Strain?
A
Contractions are strong but painful
23
Q
What is a grade 2 sprain/strain?
A
Partial Tear/Many Fibres Disrupted
24
Q
Grade 2 Sprain?
A
Results some instability/laxity in the joint
25
Grade 2 Strain?
Contractions are weak and very painful
26
What is a grade 3 sprain/strain?
Complete Tear
27
Grade 3 Strain?
Unable to contract and often pain free (Nerve fibres were torn too)
28
Grade 3 Sprain?
Results in significant instability/laxity in the joint
29
T and F a grade 3 muscle strain may be easier healed than a grade 2?
True, recovery can be easier for grade 3 cuz nerve still attached in 2 therefore limited by pain
30
What are the 7 types of bone fractures?
1)Transverse
2)Linear
3)Oblique, Nondisplaced
4)Oblique, Displaced
5)Spiral
6)Greenstick (inside fibres/bend)
7)Comminuted (piece)
31
What is a contusion or a bruise?
Crush injury to the muscle and connective tissue from blunt trauma
32
How does a muscle respond to a bruise? x5
1. Pain
2. Discolouration
3. Swelling
4.Spasm/Guarding
5. Reflex inhibition (muscle cuts out, cant contract) due to pain or swelling
33
Do we massage out a spasm?
No, massage bring circulation to area and makes it worse
34
What is tendon itis/osis injuries?
Overuse injuries
35
What is the diffrence between tendon itis vs osis?
Itis = inflammation
osis = tissue breakdown (chronic stage)
36
What are the 3 overuse injuries?
1)Bursitis
2)Shin Splints
3)Stress Fractures
37
What are shin splints?
Too much traction due to overuse (mechanical issue)
38
What is Bursitis?
Fluid-filled sacs blow up with overuse
39
What are the roles of the student trainer? x12
1) Emergency Action Plan (EAP)
2) Primary and Secondary Prevention
3)Scene Survey
4) Stabilize (C-spine, injured limb)
5)Assess (urgent?)
6)Reassure
7)Prove any necessary immediate care
8)Determine safe removal from playing surface
9)Determine safe removal from playing surface
10) Prevent secondary complications
11)Refer for/arrange care
12)Support the rehab process and liaise between therapy, coaching and S&C staff
40
What is the EAP?
Predetermined, organized system of managing severe injury
41
Why doe we have EAP?
Allows for quick and efficient injury management
-Predtermined Roles
-Promotes organization
-Decreases Chaos/Panic
-Creates trust and promotes reassurance
42
What are the 3 people in the EAP?
1) Charge Person (person in charge of delivering medical care)
2) Call Person (Provides medical info, meets and directs ambulance)
3)Control Person (Manages team/crowd/surroundings/locates supplies)
43
What should be included in a EAP?
1)Important Numbers
2)Address of sports facility and directions
3)Address of nearest hospital (don't go by ambulance)
4)Address of urgent care rays if not at main hospital
5)Location of player medical records, AED and spinal board
44
What are the 2 structural features of orthotics?
1)Longitudinal Arch
2)Metatarsal (MET) pas to support transverse arch
45
What is a normal gait pattern?
-Heel Stroke in slight supination
-Arch absorbs the forces as it rolls into pronation
-Supinate back into neutral through mid-forefoot for a neutral toe off
46
What are the 3 foot types?
-Overpronators (Valgus foot)
-Supinators (Varus Foot)
-Normal
47
What is a Valgus foot?
Overpronator
-Collapses through arch or stay in pronation
48
What is Varus foot?
Supinator
Weight staus through outside of foot
49
What could show a fallen transverse arch?
Calluses though ball of foot
50
When not to tape? x7
1)Allergies to adhesives
2)Immediately after injury (tissues still bleed and swell)
3)Injury has not been fully assessed
4)The return to play criteria have not been met
5)Areas of altered skin sensations (including ice or muscle rubs)
6)Overnight (swelling may occur causing the tape to cut off circulation)
7)Ensure sport allows tape
51
What are the 4 return to play criteria?
1)Full ROM
2)Minimum 80% strength
3)Moves with proper biomechanics
4)Able to perform the demands of the sports
52
What are 2 parts of the post tape assessment?
1)Ensure sufficient capillary refill
2)Re-test that it successfully limits the ROM
53
Why to avoid bulges, wrinkles and windows?
Cause more harm than good
-Bulges = Too tight, no capillary
-Wrinkes = Creates pressure points
54
What are the 5 parts of the pre-tape assessment?
1) Explain Tape Job Chosen and Why
2) Ask permission
3) Clear Contraindications
-Check and Cover cuts, abrasions, blisters
-Rxn to tape?
-Sensitive to Adhesives
4)Check ROM you want to limit
5)Check circulation via capillary refill distal to area being taped
55
How many inches away should pre-tape adhesive spray be sprayed?
4 inches in sweeping motion
56
What is MOI (mechanism of injury)?
How an injury happened
-What position did the structure/joint/limb/athlete go into?
57
What are 2 sources of MOI?
Trauma: From external force on the body
Overuse: Repetitive strain on a tissue
58
What are the 2 types of onset?
Acute/Traumatic: Sudden onset
Insidious: Gradual and often unknown origin
59
Why is MOI important?
How its happened helps determine what happened and how to treat
-Ask athletes, coaches, parents, teammates, etc.
60
What are signs?
Something you see
61
What are symptoms?
Something the athlete feels/describes
62
Examples of Signs? x7
Bruising
Swelling
Heat/Cold
Spasm/Guarding
Shivering
Sweating
Vomiting
63
What is the cause of spasm/guarding?
Nerve Protection (need to be extra cautious)
64
What are 3 signs of shock?
Sweating
Shivering
Vomiting
65
Examples of Symptoms? x7
Pain
Tingling
Numbness
Burning
Tight
Pressure
Nausea
66
What comes with pain x2?
Shock
Fear/Catastrophizing
67
What is the essential role of pain management?
Reassurance
68
How do we measure pain?
Scale 1-10
but subjective and relative to individual experience
69
What are the 6 psychology of injuries?
Fear
Anger
Denial
Sadness
Catasophizing
Regret
70
Repeat Injury impact psych?
Add to fear
71
What are the 2 support systems for athlete?
Logistically Support System
Emotional Support System
72
What are 5 aspects of dealing with psychology of injuries and performance?
1. Coping Strategies
2. Support at Home
3.Access to Care
4.Professional Support
5. Team/ Coach Support
73
What are ways AT can support athlete's psychology?
1. Reassurance
2. Know when to refer
3. Educate of injury, injury prevention and next step (player, coach, family, friends)
4. Mindful and Sequential Return to play
5. Keep them a part of the team
74
What are the 5 types of skin wounds?
1. Lacerations
2. Abrasions
3. Punctures
4. Contusions
5. Blisters
75
3 Steps to Manage Lacerations?
Step 1: Control Bleeding (if possible elevate)
Step 2: Clean the wound
Step 3: Steri-Strips
76
Step 1: How to control bleeding? x3
1. PPE (gloves)
2.Pressure using gauze
3.Elevation above heart to decrease blood flow to area
77
Why do we elevate?
to DECREASE blood flow to the area
78
Do we remove extra layers of gauze?
NO! Could rip wound and make it worse
79
Step 2: How do we clean the wound?
1. Soap and Water
2.Cinder Suds
80
What are three field coverage considerations for steri-strips?
1. Dry the area around the laceration
2. Adhesive spray via Q-tip (do not spray directly on skin)
3. Rub the Q-tip on either side of the laceration where steri-strips will be applied
81
When do we send for stitches? x5
1. Stitches can only be done effectively within 24 hrs of injury
2. Deep wounds affecting more than just skin
3. Unable to stop the bleeding
4.Wound is to the face
5. Wound is across a joint
82
What is a minor cut and abrasion?
Superficial layers of skin
83
Return to play for minor cut and abrasions?
Non-stick gauze and cover roll to dry skin
84
If a puncture is large and deep, you should what? 3 steps
1) Leave it in because it could cause more bleeding
2)Pad around it with gauze rolls
3)Send for medical information
85
What is a contusion?
Bleeding under the skin from blunt trauma
86
Why do contusions need proper management?
To avoid myositis ossificans
87
How to treat a contusion x4?
1) No deep tissue massage
2)Effleurage or lymph drainage
3)Ice
4)Protective padding (donut pad)
88
How can a contusions be treated in clinic x2?
1) Ultra sound (pulsed setting- not continuous)
2) Interferential Current (IFC)
89
What are blisters?
Fluid-filled bubble caused by friction
90
How to prevent blister?
Skin lube over areas of friction
91
How to treat blister? x3
1)If broken clean well
2)Second -Skin
3)Coverrol
92
What should we seek medical attention x7?
1. Unable to control the bleeding
2. The wound is dirty and unable to be thoroughly cleaned
3. Deep wound or puncture
4. Object is still impaled
5. Changes in sensations (nerve)
6. Wound is from a human/animal bite
7. The wound is from a rusty object
93
Cartilage and Meniscus Healing? x2
Limited Capacity to heal
Little or no direct blood supply
94
Ligament Healing x3
-During the repair phase, collagen and connective fibres lay down randomly
-Gradually a scar is formed
-Over following months collagen fibres align in response to joint stress/strain
95
Skeletal Muscle Healing x2
-Regeneration of new myofibers in minimal
-Healing and repair follows the same process of random collagen alignment and develops tensile strength in response to stress/strain
96
Nerve Healing x2
-Regeneration can take place very slowly (3-4mm/day)
-Peripheral nerves regenerate better than CNS
97
What are the 4 stages of wound healing?
Hemostasis
Inflammation
Repair and Regeneration
Remodeling
3 Main are last 3
98
Hemostasis
Process leading to cessation of bleeding
99
Inflammation and how long
Essential vascular and cellular response for proper tissue healing
-4-6 days
100
Repair and Regeneration and how long
Formation of granulation tissues (a type of new connective tissue)
-4-24 days
101
Remodelling and how long
Strengthening of tissues along the lines of tension
-21-2years
102
What are the 3 phases of acute musculoskeletal (MSK) injury?
1. Inflammatory (acute)
2.Repair and Regeneration (proliferation)
3.Remodelling
103
WHAT is Phase 1 of MSK: Inflammatory Response
-Vasodilation of blood vessels
-White blood cells fight infection, break down and clean up damaged tissue to start healing process
104
Signs and symptoms of inflammation x5
1) Redness
2) Swelling
3) Heat
4) Pain
5) Loss of Function
105
WHAT is Phase 2 of MSK: Repair and Regeneration (proliferation) x3
1) Collagen laid down in a disorganized matrix
2) Revascularization brings O2 and nutrients
3) Edges of wound draw closer
106
What is Phase 3 of MSK: Remodelling x2
1) Collagen reorganizes along the lines of stress (Wolff's Law)
2) Tissues increase in strength
107
Summary 3 Things that occur in the inflammatory response phase of Tissue Healing?
1)Pain, Swelling and Redness
2)Decrease collagen synthesis
3)Increase number of inflammatory cells
108
Summary 3 Things that occur in the fibroblastic repair phase of Tissue Healing?
1)Collagen fiber production
2)Decreased collagen fiber organization
3)Decreased number of inflammatory cells
109
Summary 2 Things that occur in the maturation-remodeling phase of Tissue Healing?
1)Proper collagen fibre alignment
2)Increased tissue strength
110
T or F bone healing follows the same 3 stages of soft tissue healing (inflam, repair and regen, remodelling) but more complex
T
111
On average, how long does bone healing occur?
6-8 Weeks
112
5 Stages of bone healing?
1)Hematoma Formation
2)Cellular Proliferations (cells grow and divide)
3)Callus formation (soft callus)
4) Ossification (hard callus)
5) Remodeling
113
What are the 6 Aims of Treatment in the inflammatory phase day 1-5?
1) Decreased Inflammation
2) Decreased Pain
3) Decreased Swelling
4) Decreased activity
5) Protect
6) Educate
114
What are the 9 aims of treatment for the demolition phase day 3-15?
1) Decreased Residual swelling
2) Decreased Residual Pain
3) Increased ROM
4) Increased Flexibility
5) Increased Strength
6) Increased Proprioception
7) Prevent 2-degree complications
8) Increased CV fitness
9) Educate
115
What are the 7 aims of treatment for the healing phase (day 10- 8 weeks)?
1) Increased Circulation
2) Decreased pain or muscle spasm
3) Increased ROM
4) Increased Flexibility
5) Increased Strength (sport lesion)
6) Increased CV (sports specific)
7) Increased Proprioception
116
What are the 7 long term goals of treatment?
1) Maintain/restore skin and connective tissues (prevent scar adhesions)
2)Ensure
-Full ROM
-Strength of lesion site
-Maintain/increase overall flexibility
-Psychological Readiness
3)Optimal Biomechanics
4)Correct training habits/equipment
5)Maintain/Increased Proprioception
6)Protect injury site (injury/tapping)
7)Educate
117
What are the 3 guidelines for return to play (RTP)?
1)Full ROM 80% Strength
2)Able to perform the demands of sport
3)Psychological Readiness
118
What are the 6 tools student trainers have?
1)Massage
2)Educate
3)Exercise
4)Taping and Wrapping
5)Wound Care
6)Heat and Cold
119
What are the 3 heat indications?
1)Healing phase and beyond
2)Relaxation
3)Promote Flexibiity
120
What are the 6 tissue responses to heat?
1) Increased Circulation
2) Increased inflammation
3) Increased metabolism
4) Increased edema/swelling
5) Decreased Pain
6) Decreased Spasm
121
What are 6 types of heat?
1) Moist Heat Application
2)Electric Heating Pads
3)Hot Shower, Bath, Hot Tub
4) Microwaveable Bean Bag
5) Infrared Sauna
6) Ultrasound - Cont. Setting
122
How are infrared different from traditional saunas?
-Heats your skin/body vs. air around you
123
What are the contraindication to heat? x8
1)Inflamed tissues/post injury
2)Bleeding Disorders
3)Blood Clots
4)Impaired Sensations
5)Metal Implants
6)Infections
7)Open Wounds
8)Additional contras for whole body
-Pregnancy or trying to conceive
-Multiple Sclerosis due to heat intolerance
-Illness
124
What are the 9 tissue responses to cold/cryotherapy?
1) Decreased inflammatory response
2) Decreased edema/swelling
3) Decreased Pain
4) Decreased Circulation
5)Decreased hematoma formation
6) Decreased muscle spasm
7) Decreased tissue metabolism
8) Decreased enzymatic activity
9) Decreased extensibility
125
Cryotherapy Types? x5
1)Crushed ice or ice cubes
2)Gel packs or frozen peas
3) Frozen Beanbag 10-15 min
4)Ice cup massage
5)Cold Immersion (no neck, bucket for selected areas)
6)Hyperbaric Gaseous Cryotherapy
7)Cyrochamber (electric an liquid nitrogen)
126
Considerations for ice cubes/crushed ice and ice packs?
1) Barrier between the ice and the skin
2) Remove air pockets by sucking out the air before twisting the bag to close
3) 15 -20 min
127
Cold immersion temperature?
10 celsius
CBAN: cold, burning achy numb
128
What are the five contraindication for the electric cyrochamber?
1. Preggo
2. High BP
3. Blood Clots
4. Heart Conditions
5. Infection
129
What are the contraindications to cold?
1. Raynauds
2. Utricaris (hives/rash from cold)
3. Clotting Disorders
4. Over Superficial Nerves
5. Altered Skin Sensation
6. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
130
What is Raynauds Phenomenon?
Caused by decreased blood flow to fingers/toes due to vasospasm in those areas
131
Cole Response for
Pain
Spasm
Metabolism
Blood Flow
Inflammation
Edema
Extensibility
Decreased (Vasoconstrictions)
132
Heat Response for
Pain
Spasm
Metabolism
Blood Flow
Inflammation
Edema
Extensibility
Increased all but decreased pain and spasms (vasodilation)
133
When to use massage? x3
-Tight Muscles
-Injured Muscles
-Increased Circulation
134
How does massage help tight muscles?
1) Increased extensibility
2) Decreased Pain
135
How does massage help injured muscles in inflammatory phase?
Effleurage/lymph drainage only
-Decreased Pain
-Decreased Swelling
136
How does massage help injured muscles in healing phase?
Deep forms of massage
-Increased circulation to promote healing
137
What are the 5 Massage Protocols?
1) Educate on why use massage
2) Clear Contraindications
3) Always obtain consent/permission to treat
4)Expose the area to be treated (sports massage through clothes)
5)Be Proffesional
138
Contraindications to massage? x11
1)Acute inflam (except effleurage/lymph drainage)
2)Contusions (except effleurage/lymph drainage)
3)Acute Spasm round another injury
4)Over open wounds or skin reactions
5)Altered Sensation
6) Possible Blood Clot
7)Bleeding Disorders
8)Over Varicose Veins
9) Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)- symptoms: deep, buring calf pain
10) Cancer
11)Some Cases cancer
139
Diabetes and Massage?
-Can be beneficial but avoid areas of peripheral neuropathy
-May lower blood glucose levels
140
4 Main principles of massage therapy?
1) General - Specific - General
2) Superficial - Deep- Superficial
3) Proximal -Distal - Proximal
4) Peripheral -Central -Peripheral
141
What are the 5 reasons why a binder it player medical records are important?
1)Medical Conditions
2)Allergies
3)Previous Injuries
4)Emergency contact info
5)Level of experience/# years playing
142
What are the 4 options for removal from the playing surface?
1)Weight Bearing (WB)
2)Non-weight bearing (NWB)
3)Assisted
4)Advanced care required?
142
What is the general hierarchy of conditions? x6
1)ABC, Major Bleeds
2)Acquired Brain Injury/Concussions
3)Spinal
4)Fracture/Dislocation
5)Sprains/Strains
6)Abrasions
143
Order of hierarchy on field assessment x6
1)Survey the scene (safe to approach)
2)Control C-Spine (Block the head)
3)Assess LOC (AVPU)
4)Assess vitals (Airway, Breathing, Circulation)
5)Secondary Survey (Rapid Blood Survey, History)
6)Head to Toe
143
In emergency situations what are we always assessing for?
Shock
144
What occurs in the primary survey in emergency conditions?x4
1) Survey the scene
2)C-Spine control
3)LOC (AVPU)
4)Vital Check (ABC)
145
What is apart of the scene survey? x4
1)Any safety concerns in the immediate environment (safe to approach)
2)Clues to indicate what happened
3)Did anyone see what happened
4)How many athletes or bystanders were injured? (triage)
146
When not to align the C-Spine
If not already in alignment and they have ABC present then leave them
146
How to control the cervical spine (C-SPINE)
Block the Head
-Hand on forehead to minimize movement
-Remain still (no nodding)
-Ask assistant to take over c-spine control using in line stabilization
147
How to assess LOC?
1)Remove the mouth guard or anything in the mouth
2)Rate LOC using AVPU
148
What is AVPU scale?
For LOC assesment
Alert: eyes open, able to verbalize
Verbal: Responds to commands or questions
Painful: Facial grimace; flexion, extension or withdrawal of body part, moan or groan
Unresponsive: No response
149
How to check for vitals?
ABC
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
150
How to check airway vital? x3
Is it open?
-Speaking or Crying
-Position of head = alignment = head tilt-chin lift
-Unconcious = can't rule out c-spine = jaw thrust
151
What are the two types of airways?
Oropharyngeal Airway
Nasopharyngeal Airway
152
How to assess for breathing vital?
Look (Chest Rising)
Listen (Breathing sounds)
Feel (Breath of cheeks)
153
How to assess for circulation vital? x2
-Do they have a carotid pulse?
-Obvious major bleed = immed pressure
153
When to use head tilt-chin lift?
Assess for open airway Aligned c-spine and conscious
154
When to use jaw tilt?
Assess for open airway, unconscious or unaligned c-spine
155
What is apart of the secondary survey? x3
1)Rapid Body Scan
2)History
3)Decision on next steps
156
What is apart of the rapid body scan? x3
1)Major Bleeds
2)Deformities
3)Anything indicating a life threatening emergency
156
What question should be asked when assessing history in the secondary survey? x8
1)What happened?
2)Do you have any pain in your head?
3)Do you have any pain in your neck?
4)Do you have any pain in your back?
5)Can you wiggle your fingers?
6)Can you wiggle your toes?
7)Does anything else hurt?
157
T or F history questions can be asked in groups to make it faster?
False
158
Why is a history important for a secondary survey?
Helps decide next steps
159
Any 2 out of the 4 following are a suspected spinal and a call to ems, what are they?
1) Central pain on palpation (of the spinous process)
2)Tingling/numbness/unable to move extremities
3)Mechanism of injury
4)Unwillingness to move
160
What are 2 things that result in head injury assessment?
1)Trauma to the head
2)Pain in the head
161
What are the 2 things to check for before completing head injury assessment?
1)Clear C-Spine (if head trauma than enough force for C-spine)
2)Check Active ROM
162
What are the 5 questions apart from the head injury assessment symptom check?
1)Do you have any pain or pressure in head?
2)Do you have ringing in your ears?
3)Do you feel dizzy?
4)Do you feel nauseous?
5)Is anything blurry or seeing double?
163
T or F head injury assessment symptom check questions should be asked more than once?
True, symptoms chan change over time
163
T or F one system of the head injury assessment symptom check is a concusionn?
True = No return to play
164
What are the 9 head injury assessment observable signs?
1)Check ears/nose for blood or CSF fluid
2)Look/feel for any deformities in head
3)Black Eyes
4)Bruising BehindEars (Battle's SIgn)
5)Aggressive/emotional behaviour
6)Not making sense
7)Altered speech
8)Unable to focus
9)Seizure
165
What is PEARL?
Pupils Equal And Reacting to Light
166
What is a part of the cognitive screening head injury assessment? x4
1)Orientation (Date, team, where, last practice)
2)Immediate Memory (3 unrelated words to remember and repeat immediate)
3)Delayed Recall (3 unrelated words to remember and repeat later)
4)Concentration (Count backwards)
166
What is apart of the head injury assessment ocular/motor screen?
PEARL (cover one eye and what happens to the other)
Tracking (follow finger)
Peripheral vision
Ability to focus (how many fingers, near andfar)
167
When can you proceed with a head-to-toe exam and decide on how to safely remove it from the field? x2
1)Clear C-Spine
2) On-field head assessment clear
168
What head assement should be made on sidelines?
SCAT6 (Sports concussion assessment tool) includes balance and coordination
169
What is a part to head to a the exam? x1
1)Head
2)Neck
3)Shoulders (incl clavicles)
4)chest/sternum
5)Ribs
6)Abdomen
7)Back
8)Pelvis (compress lateral sides)
9)Legs/feet
10)Arms/hands
170
What are we looking for in head to toe exam? x7
1)Pain (watch face)
2)Bleeding
3)Spasm
4)Deformaties
5)Brusing/wounds
6)Distal circulation in ankle/foot
7)Distal circ in fingers
171
What are the 3 signs of a major fracture x3?
1)Large Bone
2)Unstable or Displaced
3)Compound fracture (aka open fracture)
172
What to do for a major fracture or dislocation in emergency? x3
1)Stabilize
2)Treat for shock
3)Call 911
173
What are the 6 emergency medical conditions?
1)Diabetic Emergency
2)Epilepsy/Seizure
3)Asthma
4)Anaphylactic Shock
5)Heat/cold emergencies
6)Abdominal Injuries
174
What is shock?
-Circulatory system fails to adequately circulate blood
175
Is shock a medical emergency?
yes, life-threatening condition
175
What are the 6 symptoms of shock?
1)Pale, cool, clammy skin
2)Rapid breathing
3)Rapid and Weak Pulse
4)Changes in LOC/confusedNausea
5)Decreased BP
176
How to care for shock? x5
1)Blanket to maintain body temp
2)Rest in comfortable position that minimizes pain
3)Have athlete lie down if necessary to increase blood to organs/brain
4)Reassure
5)O2
177
Emergency Situations x9?
1)ABC not present or irregular
2)Major Bleeds
3)Severe head injuries
4)Unconscious or decreased LOC
5)Persistent pain/pressure in chest or abdomen
6)Sudden ilnnes/medical emergency
7)Suspected spinal injury (2/4 red flags or unsure = 911)
8)Major fractures or dislocations
9)Shock if not responding to care
178
If back and neck pain on history taking check for ?
Pain on palpation of spinous processess
178
T or F: ABC are clear if talking?
True
178
What needs to be done on the on-field assessment before non-urgent assessments? x4
Emergency conditions must be ruled out
-C-Spine
-ABCs
-Non-concerning head/spine MOI
-C-Spine and head assessment clear
179
What are the 5 types of non-urgent conditions?
1)Sprains
2)Strains
3)Simple Fractures
4)Contusions
5)Abrasions/Minor Lacerations
180
What is HOPS used for?
On-field assessment for non urgent injuries
181
What does HOPS stand for?
History
Observations
Palpation
Special Test
182
Why are special tests used?
Test the can confirm your index of suspicion
183
What is SAMPLE and PQRST used for?
History Taking non urgent injuries
184
What does SAMPLE stand for?
Signs and Symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past Medical History
Last Oral Intake
Events Leading up to Injury
185
What does PQRST stand for?
Provoke
Quality
Region/Radiate
Severity (1-10)
Time
186
What is PQRST used for?
Assessing pain
187
What history taking questions should be asked for addressing symptoms for non-urgent conditions? x5
1)What Happened?
2)Where does it hurt?
3)Did you hear or feel anything?
4)Did it give out?
5)PQRST
188
What 5 questions/considerations should be asked for when discussing medications?
1)Are you taking any meds?
2)What are they?
3)What are they for?
4)Were they prescribed?
5)Could they be damping symptoms?
189
Why is it important to ask about last oral intake? x3
Food: Low Blood Sugar or if surgery is required
Drink: Dehydrated?
190
What needs to be observed when assessing athletes' fields for non-urgent conditions that could indicate what happened? x3
1)What do you see?
2)What is around the athlete
3)What position are they in?
191
What does the injury need to be checked for on the initial non-urgent assessment? x5
1)Brusing
2)Swelling
3)Deformity
4)Bleeding
5)Rashes/hives
192
What to look for when performing a palpation? x5
1)Get athletes to show the location of the injury and pay attention to how they do it
2)Check capillary refill distal to injury
3)Warm versus the other side? (Warm=injury)
4)Divot or deformity
5)Above and below injury
193
What is your index of suspicion based on?
HOPS
What structure: Bone, Ligament, Muscle
194
What special test is used for suspected muscle/tendon injury?
Make the tissue contract
Resisted testing 1-5
195
What special test is used for suspected ligament injury?
Test to open the joint it stabilizes
196
What special test is used for suspected bone injury?
fracture testing
197
What is Kendall's Resisted Muscle Testing?
Rate quality of strength out of 5 (0-5) (0 bad)
198
Grade 0 KRMT
No visible or palpable contraction
199
Grade 1 KRMT
Visible or palpable, contraction without motion
200
Grade 2 KRMT
Full ROM, Gravity Eliminated
201
Grade 3 KRMT
Full ROM against Gravity
202
Grade 4 KRMT
Full ROM against gravity, moderate resistance
203
Grade 5 KRMT
Full RO against gravity, max resistance
204
How many grades/classifications of sprains and strains?
3
205
What is a Grade 1 classification SS
Tissue Stretch/ Some Fibres Disrupted
206
Grade 1 Strain
Contractions are strong but painful
207
Grade 1 Sprain
Integrity of joint maintained
208
What is a Grade 2 classification SS
Partial tear/many fibres disrupted
209
Grade 2 Sprain
Results in some instability/laxity in the joint
210
Grade 2 Strain
Contractions are weak and very painful
211
What is a Grade 3 classification SS
Complete Tear
212
Grade 3 Strain
Unable to contract and often pain free (nerve fibres were torn)
213
Grade 3 Sprain
Significant instability/laxity in joint
214
What grade 2 or 3 is easier for healing?
3 less pain
215
What are the 3 fracture tests?
Tap test
Compression Test
Tuning Fork (above site)
216
If we see a bone deformity, do we do a fracture test?
No
217
How is a Tap Test completed?
A gentle tap at a location on the bone AWAY from the suspected fracture site
-Vibrations cause pains
218
How is a Compression Test completed Direct?
Compress the two ends of the long bone together
219
How is a compression test completed indirect?
Compress the bones around the small bone with suspected fracture
220
How to complete a tuning fork test?
-Bang the end of the tuning for of shoe or hard surface
-Place the base on bone with suspected fracture, away from fracture site
-Vibrations
221
Sensitivity of Tuning Fork?
75%-92%
222
Specificity of Tuning Fork?
18%-94%
223
Why may fracture testing be inconclusive? x2
1)Error on the side of caution (X-Ray)
2)Prevent Secondary Complications
224
What are the 3 types of secondary complications that could result from fracture?
1)Further muscle/ligament injury surrounding fracture
2)Nerve/vessel damage (impaired nerve/blood supply)
3)Major Bleeds (ER condition)
225
What is included on a side-line assessment for non-urgent injuries that is not on in the on-field assessment? x4
1)Rule out joints above and below
2) Full physiological ROM
3) 3 Special test to confirm
4) More extensive palpation
226
What are examples of physiological ROM? x14
1)Flexion
2)Extension
3)Abduction
4)Adduction
5)Internal Rotation
6)Extenral Rotation
7)Dorsiflexion
8)Plantar flexion
9)Cross-flexion
10)Cross-extension
11)Pronation
12)Supination
13)Ulnar deviation
14)Radial deviation
227
What are accessory movements (Athrokinematics)/intra-articular (within joint) movements needed to complete ROM? x3
1)Roll
2)Spin
3)Glide
228
Are accessory movements tested on sideline assessments?
No, but can be the cause for limited physiological assessments
229
What is Roll?
Multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface
-A tire rotating across pavement
230
What is Glide?
A single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface.
-A non-rotating tire skiddings on icey pavemnt
231
What is Spin?
A single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface
-A toy top rotation on one spot on floor
232
What is AROM?
Active Range of Motion
233
What is required for RTP? x3
AROM:
-Overpressure the end range if full and pain free
-ROM must be full
Resistant Testing at 80%
234
What are the 6 steps of non-urgent injuries?
1)RTP Decision
2)Immediate Care
3)Educate
4)Communicate
5)Transport
6)Referral
235
What is sideline management of sprains? x3
1)Ice and Elevation
2)Wrap to support approximate tissues, provide compression
3)Crutches
236
T or F we cannot diagnose?
T, Impression that share to appropriate people
237
What is sideline management of strains? x3
1)Ice and Elevation
2)Wrap with pressure pad to support approximate tissues, provide compression
3)Crutches
238
What is sideline management of contusions? x4
1)Ice
2)Donut pad with cover to protect from 2nd insult
3)Wrap padding on area with herringbone
4)No Massage (Lymph drainage or effleurage ok)
239
Sideline management of fractures? x3
1)Splint (SAM and Speed)
2)Splint joints above and below
3)Refer for imaging
240
Sideline management of abrasions?
Telfa/Non-stick pad and cover roll
241
Sideline Management of Minor Lacerations? x2
Telfa/Non-stick pad and cover-roll
Steri Strips
242
What is the purpose of wrapping?
Support and Minimize swelling through compression
243
What are the 5 key structures of the ankle/foot than should be considered following injury?
1)Talus Position
2)Cuboid Position
3)Navicular Position
4)Base of the 5th metarsal (Tender of Palpation)
5) Seasomoid Bones
244
Talus Position to be aware?
Anterior
245
Cuboid Position to be aware?
Rotated
246
Navicular Position to be aware?
Rotated or Dropped
247
Base of the 5th metarsal to be aware?
TOP (Tender on Palpation)
248
Seasomoid Bones to be aware?
Within Flexor Hallucis Brevis Tendons
249
Tib Posterior Action
PF and INV
250
Flex Digitorum Longus action
PF and Toe Flex
251
Flex Hallcucis Longus action
PF and Big Toe Flex
252
Tib Anterior action
DF and INV
253
Peroneus Longus action
Eversion
254
Peroneus Brevis action
PF and Ev
255
Tib Ant. action of the longitudinal arch?
Eccentrically lowers (against ground)
256
Tib Post. the action of the longitudinal arch?
Stabilizer (shin splints)
257
Plantar Fascia . the action of the longitudinal arch?
NB for dynamic longitudinal arch support (Absorbs forces)
258
Anterior Talus action for longitudinal arch?
Effects up chain (neck pain)
259
What are the 4 toes ROM?
1)Flexion
2)Extension
3)Abduction
4)Adduction
260
Ankle ROM of the Tibiotalar joint? x2
Dorsiflexions (Extension)
Plantarflexion (Flexion)
261
Ankle ROM of the subtalar joint? x2
Pronation
Supination
262
What is Turf Toe and MOI?
Hyperextension of the big toe
-1st MTP sprain of plantar lig/capsule
263
What are the symptoms of turf toe? x4
Swelling, Bruising, Pain, Loss of Toe DF ROM. Weak Halluc Flexion
-Gr 3 sprain of 1 MTP
264
What is Runners Toe and MOI?
Subungual Hematoma due to repeat trauma or the end of toe(s)
265
What are the the symptoms of runners toe?
Pain and Pressure under the nail, discolouration of the nail
266
What is Sesamoiditis and MOI?
Inflammation to flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) repeat trauma to the ball of the foot
267
What are the symptoms of Sesamoiditis?
Pain over Sesamoids, Swelling, limited big toe ext., weak and painful flex
268
Treatment for Sesamoiditis?
Rest
Treat Inflammation
Padded insoles
269
Treatment for runners toe?
Proper shoe fitting
Changing course (Limit downhills)
270
What is plantar fasciitis and MOI?
Inflammation and degeneration of plantar fascia due to poor biomechanics/overuse stress
271
What are the symptoms of plantar fasciitis? x3
Tender under palpation: med calcaneus (origin) or along the longitudinal
C/O pain with 1st steps in morning
Ankle/Toe DF stretch pain
272
plantar fasciitis is often associated with what?
Tight Achilles
273
How to train plantar fasciitis?
Find Cause
-Retrain biomechanics
274
What are Bunions?
Big toe aligns toward 2nd toe, tender bump med MTP joint
275
What causes Bunions? x3
Genetics
Poor Foot Mechanics
Tight/Narrow footwear
276
What is important to consider for arch taping?
Bunions
277
What are 2 things bunions can be used as a red flag for?
1)Shoe doesn't fit
2)Improve biomechanics to prevent secondary conditions
278
What are tendonitis and shin splints and MOI?
Poor Mechanics and overuse of peroneal tendons, Tib Ant., T,D,H
279
What are the symptoms of tendonitis and shin splints ?
Tender under pressure over inflamed tissues
Pain with running
Pain with resisted muscle testing or stretch of the affected structure
280
Secondary condition of tendonitis and shin splints?
Potential for stress fracture at muscle origin due to traction on bone
281
Treatment for tendonitis and shin splints?
Correct foot/lower extremity mechanics
Taping (shin and arch)
Proper Footwear
Insole/Orthotic
282
What is the MOI for a lateral ankle sprain?
Ankle inversion (In neutral of DF or PF)
283
What are the 8 possible structures affected by a lateral ankle sprain?
ATFL, CFL, PTFL, AITFL, PITFL, Peroneals
Cuboid Position, Base of 5th MT
284
What are the signs and symptoms of a lateral ankle sprain?
Pop, giving out, swelling, bruising, limping (antalgic gait)
285
What 6 things occur on sideline?
1)HOPS
2)NWB
3)Sideline Assessment
4)Educate
5)Ice/Compress
6)Support
286
What 5 things to do to handle/focus for inflammation treatment?
1)Decrease Inflammation
2)Lymph Drainage
3)Support
4)Prevent 2nd
5)Team Involvement
287
What 7 things to do to handle/focus on healing?
1)Increased circulation
2)Heat
3)Massage
4)Increase ROM
5)Shock Wave
6)Strength
7)Proprioception
288
What is needed for RTP assesment? x4
1)80% Resitance
2)FROM
3)Sport Specific Exercise
4)Psych Readiness
289
T or F what is more common lateral or medial ankle sprains?
Lateral, (medial is eversion and we dont often fall inwards)
290
What is the MOI of a medial ankle sprain?
Ankle Eversion
291
What are the 5 possible structures affected in a medial ankle sprain?
1)Deltoid Lig
2)Spring Lig
3)TDH
4)Navicular Position
5)Fibula Fracture
292
For ankle and foot fractures what should be done for injury management? x4
1)Urgent vs Non-Urgent
2)Distal Circulation
3)Monitor for Shock
4)Splint and send for x-rays NWB
292
What are the 6 types of ankle/foot fractures?
1)Jones Fracture
2)Metatarsal Fracture
3)Talus
4)Calcaneus
5)Fibula
6)Tib-fib (with dislocation)
292
If a fracture is stable what is the surgical management?
Immbolization
292
What are the signs and symptoms of a medial ankle sprain? x5
Pop, giving out, swelling, bruising, limping (antalgic gait)
292
If a fracture is unstable, what is the surgical management? x2
1)Reduction
2)Fixation
293
What is a jones fractures and the MOI?
Peroneus brevis avulsion of base of 5th metatarsal (MT) caused by inversion sprain
294
What are the signs and symptoms of a jones fracture?
Tender on palpation of 5th MT, pain in weight-bearing
-Ankle sprain symptoms may distract from #
295
What is the MOI for a talus fracture? x3
Severe ankle sprains
Land from height
Forced Dorsi Flexion
296
What are the signs and symptoms of a talus fracture?x2
Vary with Severity:
Pain with WB (or unable to)
Loss ROM
297
What is the MOI of a calcaneus fracture?
Fall/Jump from Height
298
What are the Signs and Symptoms of a calcaneus fracture?x2
1)Extreme Pain
2)Unable to WB
299
What is the MOI of a fibula fracture? x2
1)Direct Blow
2)Ankle Sprain Mechanism
300
What are the signs and symptoms of a fibula fracture?
Vary with severity
301
What are the 5 steps of a pre-tape assessment?
1)Explain tape job chosen and why
2)Ask permission
3)Clear contraindications (Cuts, abrasions and blisters, Reactions, sensitivities)
4)Check ROM you want to limit
5)Check circulation distal to area being tapped
302
What are the 7 contraindications of when not to tape?
1)Allergies to adhesives
2)Immediately after injury
3)Injury is not fully assessed
4)ROT criteria not been met
5)Areas of altered skin
6)Overnight
7)Check to see if sport rules allow tape
303
What are the 4 ROT criteria?
1)FULL ROM
2)Minimum 80% strength
3)Moves with proper biomechanics
4)Able to perform the demands of sport
304
What are the 3 ankle taping indications?
1)Chronic ankle instability from previous sprains
2)RTP following treatment of recent ankle sprain
3)When bracing doesn't fit in the shoe or bracing is not permitted
305
3 Ankle tests pre and post tape job?
1)Drawer Sign
2)Talar Tilt
3)Wedge Test
306
What does drawer test for in ankle?
Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL)
307
What does talar tilt test for in ankle?
Calcaneofibular Lig (CFL)
-Eversion talar tilt = deltoit lig
308
What does wedge test for in the ankle?
Anterior Inferior Tibfib lig (AITFL)
309
What does eversion talar tilt test for in ankle?
deltoit lig
310
Indications for prowrap? x2
1)Sensitivity to adhesives
2)Hair
(less effective application so tape directly on skin if possible)
311
Indications for Arch Taping?
1)Arch Pain
2)Medial Tendonitis/osis
3)Shin Splints
4)Bunions
312
What may a successful arch tape indicate?
Good indicator as to whether orthotic may be helpful
313
What is the pre and post-test for arch position?
Standing
314
What is pronation
Combo of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction
-Causes the sole of the foot to face medially
315
What is supination?
Combo of dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction
-Causes the sole of the foot to face laterally
316
What test is used for intracapusular swelling?
Wipe Test: Narrows in on structures affectced
317
If the Gluteus medius (hip abduction) is damaged what gait results?
Trendelenburg Gait, pelvis on stance side dropping during gait
318
What eccentrically control IR of femur in weight-bearing?
Post Fibres of Glut Medius
319
What is the ideal Quad:Ham Ratio?
Ideally 3:2
320
What is the quad:ham ratio post acl injury?
1:1
321
What is medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)?
Shin Splints
322
What are shin splints?
Involves exercise-induced pain over the ant. tibia and is a early stress injury in the continuum of tibial stress fractures
323
What is compartment syndrome?
Excessive pressure within a muscle/fascial compartment (Swelling is contained and pressure build, top open and bottom closed)
324
How can compartment syndrome occur acutely?
Trauma or Following a long bone fracture
325
How can compartment syndrome occur due to overuse?
Often overlooked as shin splints
326
What are the S&S of compartment syndrome?
-Red, Hot, Shiny, Very Painful, Numb, Weak, Faint Pulse Distal
-Pale Skin and over damaged tissue
327
Acute management of compartment syndrome? x6
No Pressure
Reduce Inflam
No RTP
NWB (Not Weight Bearing)
Refer to sports med Dr.
Fasciotomy to release pressure
328
How does a gastrocs/soleus strain occur?
Overstretch in dorsiflex with knee ext. (gastrocs) especially with forceful contraction
329
S&S of gastrocs/soleus strain? x4
Pop or Pull
Sharp Pain
Swelling
Brusing
330
What are the special tests used for gastrocs/soleus strain? x3
Muscle Test for gastrocs, soleus, deep flexors
Thompson test to rule out Achilles Rupture
Toe Raises
331
Acute Management of gastrocs/soleus strain? x4
PIER (Pressure, Ice, Elevate, Rest)
Pressure pad with wrap over injured tissues
NWB
Avoid Stretch or contraction
332
RTP for gastrocs/soleus strain?
NO, usually self-limiting; once rehabbed, can tape with heel lift
333
What is the MOI of an Achilles rupture?
Sudden forceful contraction (common in stop and go sports)
334
S&S of Achilles Rupture x4
1)Sudden Sharp Pain (parial) or feeling of being kicked/hit in back of leg
2)Unable to Plantar Flex/ go up on toes
3)Swelling
4)Delayed-onset bruising
335
What are the special tests used for an Achilles rupture? x2
1)Thompson Test
2)Two Foot and 1 Foot Toe raise
336
Acute Management of Achilles rupture? x5
PIER
NWB
Pressure pad over injured tissues with tensor
Educate
Sports Med
337
MOI of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS)
Poor tracking of patella in femoral condyle
338
S&S of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS)
Tender Under Palpation post aspect of the patella
339
Checks for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS)? x4
1)Mechanics bottom-up and top up
2)Stable Base
3)Quad imbalance (med or lat pull)
4)1 leg squats (does femur collapse into IR)
340
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) acute onset or overuse?
More often overuse
341
MOI of patellar dislocation?
Valgus force with foot planted causing IR of femur
342
What is most common in active children ages 10-17?
Patellar Dislocation
343
S&S of patellar dislocation? x3
Patella positioned on lat side of the knee
Significant Pain
Usually in KF
344
Special tests for patellar dislocation? x2
None if dislocated
-If subluxated (partial disloc) : Apprehension Test
345
The first time a patellar dislocation occurs, what needs to be ruled out?
Osteochondral Fracture
-25-75% of cases
-Surgical
-Affect patella or fem condyle
346
Acute management of patellar dislocation? x3
1) Rule out fracture
2) PIER if reduced
3)Refer
347
How long to be braced for patellar dislocation?
3 Weeks
348
MOI Patellar Tendonitis?
Excessive traction on patellar tendon
349
S&S Patellar Tendonitis
1)Pain, Swelling and Heat over the patellar tendon
2)Pain with jumping , running, quick change in direction or string quad contraction
3)Pain with Flexion and extesnsion
350
T or F People with Patellar Tendonitis can often train through pain
T
351
Special Tests for Patellar Tendonitis x2
Thomas Test
Resisted Quad Test
352
Acute management of Patellar Tendonitis x3
PIER
Roll/Soft Tissue Mobility for quads
Lower extremity mechanics
353
Why is a knee brace often used for people with Patellar Tendonitis?
Train hamstrings to prevent anterior translation of tibia on femur and stability at hip and knee
354
What is Tendinopathy rehab for?
Patellar Tendonitis
355
Examples of tendinopathy rehab? x2
Cross Fit
Eccentrics
356
RTP for Patellar Tendonitis?
Patellar Tendonitis Tape Job
357
MOI for knee bursitis?
Direct trauma, friction from tight muscles/tendons
358
S&S for knee bursitis x3
-Rebound Pain
-Often Painless
-Visible fluid-filled sace
359
Acute Management for knee bursitis? x2
Protect with padding to avoid repeat insult
Soft Tissue Mobility of tight muscles
360
T or F Chronic bursitis can develop a granular rice-like texture.
T
361
What is a stress fracture of the knee?
MTSS/Shin Splints
362
Stress Fracture (MTSS/SHIN SPLINTS) Moi?
Overuse/poor mechanics
363
Patellar Fracture MOI?
Direct blow, patellar dislocation
364
Tibial plateau fracture MOI?
Vargus of valgus load, direct below
365
What are the 6 types of meniscus tears?
1)Vertical
2)Transverse
3)Peripheral
4)Bucket-Handle
5)Parrot Beak
6)Flap
366
MOI of Meniscus Tears? x3
Plant and Twist
Contact
Wear and Tear/Degeneration
367
S&S Meniscus Tears? x5
Sharp pain at specific ROM
Loaded Rotation
Deep Squat
Catching/clicking/locking
Swelling (24h later)
368
Meniscus Tears common with what type of injury?
ACL Injuries
369
Special Tests for Meniscus Tears? x3
McMurray's
Apley's
Duck Walk
370
Acute management of Meniscus Tears? x3
PIER
NWB
Educate
371
ACL MOI? x2
1) Sudden cut or pivot (rotational force),
2)Sometimes from added external force from a tackle/collision (valgus,hyperextension)
372
S&S ACL x3
1)Swelling + Extreme pain throughout Knee
2)Difficulty/unable to WB
3)Delayed onset bruising depending on structures affected
373
ACL injuries higher in males than females?
F, higher in females
374
____% ACL injuries are direct contact
_____% ACL injuries are from wrong movement
30%
70%
375
Special Tests for ACL? x3
Anterior Drawer
Lachman's
Pivot Shift
376
Acute management of ACL injuries x3
PIER
NWB
Educate
377
5 Types of ACL Surgery?
1)Autograft (persons tissue) vs Allograft (Cadaver)
2)Bone-Tendon-Bone Graft
3)Hamstring Graft
4)Unilateral vs. Contraleteral (If other inuries or past)
5)BEAR
378
PCL MOI x2
Hyperflexion
Forced post translation of tibia on femur
379
S&S PCL x3
Swelling + Extreme pain throughout the knee joint
Difficulty or Unable to WB
Delayed-onset bruising depending on structures affected
380
Special Test PCL x2
1)Posterior Drawer
2)Sag Sign
381
ACUTE Management of PCL? x3
PIER
NWB
Educate
382
MCL MOI? x2
Valgus stress on the knee (Direct blow to outside of knee)
Plant and Twist (with lat rotation of femur on tibia)
383
Special test MCL?
Valgus Stress
384
Acute Management MCL x3
PIER
NWB
Pressure pad to approx end
385
T or F MCL and LCL repaired more commonly then ACL and PCL
False
386
LCL MOI?
Varus stress to the knee
387
S&S LCL x3
Lateral Knee Pain and Swelling
Tender Of Palpation LCL
Stifness
388
Special Test for LCL
Varus Stress
389
Acute Management of LCL? x3
PIER
NWB
Pressure Pad to Aprox. Ends
390
WIPE Test Use
Intracapsular Swelling
391
Valgus test at 0 use
Superficial Fibre MCL
392
Valgus test at 30 use
Deep Fibres MCL
393
Varus Test at 0 use
LCL
394
Lachmans Test use
ACL
395
Anterior Drawer Test use
ACL
396
Posterior Drawer Test use
PCL
397
Sag Sign Test Use
PCL
398
McMurray's test use
Meniscus
399
Apley's test use
Meniscus and ligamentous
400
What are the 8 Knee Special tests?
Valgus at 0 and 30
Vargus at 0
Lachman;s
Ant. Drawer
Post. Drawer
Sag Sign
McMurray's
Apley's
401
Knee Taping Pre/Post Tests x2
Hyperextension ROM
Varus or Valgus
402
Suspected tib ant strain indications? x2
Ant. Shin Splints
Excessive PF Mechansim
403
Suspected tib post strain indications? x2
Medial Ankle Sprain Mechanism
Post Shin Splints
404
What is Urticaria?
Cold Allergy
-Hives/rash from cold
405
What are the 4 contraindications of cold? x3
1)Clotting Disorder
2)Over Superficial Nerves
3)Altered Skin Sensation
4)Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
406
What are the 7 contraindications of heat?
1)Inflamed tissues/post-tissue
2)Bleeding Disorders
3)Blood Clots
4)Impaired Sensation
5)Metal Implants
6)Infection
7)Open Wounds
407
What are the 10 contraindications for massage>
1)Acute Inflam
2)Condition
3)Acute Spasm
4)Open Wounds or Skin Reactions
5)Altered Sensations
6)Possible Blood Clot
7)Bleeding Disorders
8)Varicose veins
9)Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
10)Cancer
408
What are the symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Deep, Burning Calf Pain
409
Acute Stage of injury use heat or cold?
Heat
410
If multiple sclerosis should you use whole body/sauna heat?
No, if due to heat intlolerance
411
If ill should you use full body heat/sauna?
NO
412
If preggo or trying to receive should you use full body heat?
NO
413
WHAT does RICE stand for?
Rest
Ice
Compress
Elevate
414
What does PEACE and LOVE Stand for?
Protect, Elevate, Avoid anti-inflammatory medication/ice, Compression, Educate, Load, Optimism, Vascularization, Exercise;
415
What does PIER stand for?
Pressure
ICE
Elevate
Rest
