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History With Bian > West Asia > Flashcards

West Asia Flashcards

1
Q

Primary tradition

A

Is primary because it took shape first because it is more important and enduring than secondary tradition

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2
Q

Secondary tradition

A

Took shape after the formation of the primary tradition, and is less important and enduring than the primary tradition

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3
Q

When did primary tradition take place

A

During defining moment

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4
Q

Defining moment

A

Refers to the period between 500 ce, when major civilizations developed their defining or distinguishing characteristics

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5
Q

Who were the instigators of defining moments

A

Creative minorities

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6
Q

Creative minorities

A

Refers to political, religious, and intellectual leaders who helped shape and define their civilizations during the defining moment in world history
Ex) Socrates, Aristotle, Buddha

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7
Q

What lead to different resource endowment

A

Different civilizations developing different orientations, and difference of political institution

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8
Q

Resource endowment

A

Refers to the total means within a given geographical and ecological environment that are available for the development of human society.
Could refer to either natural resources, or intellectual, and institutional resources

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9
Q

Civilization

A

A form of human culture characterized by the existence of cities, a distinct religious structure, new political and military structure, a new social structure, & writing

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10
Q

Defining characteristics of a civilization

A

1) an urban revolution- essential for civilization
2) distinct religious structure- where gods were deemed essential for the survival of human communities emergence of professional priests
3) new political &military structure- communities form political groups, in many societies the political structure was the creation of centralized government bureaucracy
4) a new social structure- for a society to prosper they need to be able to communicate, writing is essential
5) a writing system

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11
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Separation of governments into beauros or categories, makeup of wealthy well known appointed leaders

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12
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Administration of a government chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed with non elected or appointed officials. More broadly, it refers to a type of human society characterized by the existence of and dominance of such bureaucracy

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13
Q

Mesopotamia 6000-1500bc

A

One of the first civilized societies

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14
Q

Mesopotamia means

A

Land between two rivers: Tigris and Euphrates

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15
Q

Where does the Tigris river flow $ when did they start to build irrigation

A

Through Baghdad

6000bc

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16
Q

By 3000bc what had the total population reached in Sumer

A

100,00

50 summations because dominant people

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17
Q

What leads to the formation of city states

A

Internal and external pressure less to the formation of city states,
Evolution of a city state lead to regional empires

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18
Q

Who established the first empire

A

Sargon established the first empire the Akkadian empire in 2340bc

AKKADIAN EMPIRE WAS THE FIRST EMPIRE IN MESOPOTAMIA

Akkadian empire because the first empire by invading and pillaging city states& empire liked city states

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19
Q

Who replaced the Akkadian empire

A

The Babylonian empire

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20
Q

What is the formation process to an empire

A

City-> city state-> regional empire

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21
Q

Empire

A

A political unit having an extensive territory or the territory that includes such a unit

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22
Q

Who led the Babylonian empire

1792-50bc

A

Hammurabi

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23
Q

Hammurabi

A

He was a man of Peace making comic prosperity, irrigation systems, he continues to rely on sargon’s techniques of a centralized government bureaucracy, and taxation

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24
Q

Code of Hammurabi

A

The code of Hammurabi was the most extensive and most complete Mesopotamian law code

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25
Q

Hammurabi’s code had two parts

A

Penal and civil law

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26
Q

The penal law

A

Prescribed death penalties for crimes such a murder

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27
Q

The civil law code

A

Provided regulations on prices, wages,& commercial transactions

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28
Q

Significance of hammurabi’s code

A

The code of Hammurabi marked the transition of Mesopotamian society from one governed primarily by customs & conventions to one governed primarily by bureaucratic laws

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29
Q

Cuneiform system of writing

A

Written by the summations dating to about 3000bc, used a reed stylus

The text of contemporary treaty and code of Hammurabi

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30
Q

What empire replaced by the Babylonian empire

A

The Assyrian empire between 9th and 8th century bc

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31
Q

The Assyrian empire suffered from

A

Invasions from nomadic tribes such as the Medes and the Persians

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32
Q

Medes

A

Ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present day Iran, the area known as media

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33
Q

Who were the Medes ancestors

A

The Kurds

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34
Q

Persians

A

Like the Medes the Persians were an ancient Iranian people who lived in present day Iran.

The Persians were defined by the use of the Persian language as their mother tongue

Before 1935 Iran was known as Persia

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35
Q

How did the destruction of the Assyrian empire proceed

A

Eventually the Medes and the Persians conquered the whole region west of the Indus River, which effectively ended the Assyrian empire in the 7th century BC & led to the creation of the Persian empire in the 6th century bc

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36
Q

Dynasties under the Persian empire

A

Achaemenid dynasty
Seleucid dynasty
Parthian dynasty
Sassanid dynasty

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37
Q

Empire

A

A political unit having an extensive territory or the territory that includes such a unit

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38
Q

Dynasty

A

A succession of rulers from the same family or line

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39
Q

The defining moment in world history

A

Formation of primary Persian political tradition of administrative centralization under the Achaemenid empire

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40
Q

The median empire

A

6th century bc

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41
Q

Cyrus the Achaemenid

A

Kind of the Persian tribes, set hq in pasargadae, where he governed the territory of Persian empire , he fought against more tribes and conquered more territory, went from regional empire to a very large empire, was the CREATOR OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE

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42
Q

Darius of the Achaemenid

Related to Cyrus

A

1)Extended the empire to endus river valley to naila empire
during the 6th century it was the largest empire
2)changed primary tradition- created effective lines of communication & institutions
3) brought about administrative centralization

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43
Q

Centralize

A

To bring under a single, central authority.

In the context of world history, centralizations refers to the process of bringing administrative power under a single, central and typically imperial authority

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44
Q

What Darius did

A

1) wanted to build a new capital city Persepolis, monument of dynasty, until collapse of empire Persepolis worked as the nerve center of the Persian empire

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45
Q

Invasion of Persia by Alexander the Great

A
  • ordered the destruction of Persepolis
  • appointed governors, agents of central government, helped conciliate the control of various regions under the acuman dynasty
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46
Q

Regions or satrapies

A

Means provide/ state/ satrap-

governor, posts distant from capital risk separation
Aucumandic controllers established a group or detachments of military/ tax collectors, served as checks on the power of the satraps

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47
Q

Aucamendic rulers created

A

A new unit of aucamendic officials, surprise audits of counts, spied, shared information with satraps

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48
Q

Darius meets with satraps

A

Tribute missions from neighboring people because they were so powerful, Persian under Alexander’s rule collapsed

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49
Q

The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sabsaid empires continued to employ the imperial bureaucracy to govern their empires

A

Administrative centralization became the primary political tradition of the Persian empire

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50
Q

Formation of the primary Persian religious tradition

A

Zoroaster and the creation of religion of salvation

6th century bc

51
Q

Religion existed before but was centered around natural phenomena, Zoroaster started primary religious tradition

A

Zoroaster

52
Q

Zoroasternism

A

The supreme deity: ahura Masada choose him to spread his message

53
Q

Monotheism

A

The doctrine or belief that there is only one God

54
Q

Zoroeaster’s beliefs

A

Believed in Agra mainyu: evil/

destructive spirit- cosmic struggle that lasted 12,000 years

According to Zoroaster, Ahura Mazda and the forces of good will prevail and Angra Mainyu and the principle of Evelin would disappear forever

55
Q

Zoroaster did not call for ascetic renunciation of the world in favor of future

A

Ascetic- leading a life of self discipline and self- denial, especially for spiritual improvement

56
Q

Summary of Zoroastrian teachings

A

Good words, good thoughts, good deeds

57
Q

The period of Zoroaster teaching also saw the emergence of a class of priests called magi

A

Priests made contributions with oral transition of teaching of zorasterisn teachings and by teaching doctrines preserved zorasterisn teaching

58
Q

Religious centralization

A

The process by which one religion established itself as the dominant religion in a society

59
Q

The magi committed zoroaster’s teachings go writing (Avesta) under the Sasanid dynasty

A

Avesta- scripture of zoresstraisn

60
Q

What Zoroastrian teachings did Jews living in Persia adopt

A
  • the encouragement of high moral standards
  • the belief in supernatural forces promoting good and evil
  • the doctrine that individuals will undergo judgement
  • the belief in a system of fire rewards and punishments
  • the convection that forces of good will ultimately prevail over those of evil
61
Q

Muhammad and the rise of Islam

A

The Arabian peninsula

62
Q

Bedouins in the Arabic peninsula

A

Arranged themselves into clans and tribal groups

63
Q

Muhammad was born in Mecca, lived an unhappy childhood of his father mother and grandfather dying, he lived with his uncle and worked as a Shepard

A

Muhammad was the defined of Islam civilization

64
Q

Married Khadijah

A

Many Arabs converted to Christianity

65
Q

The angel Gabriel declared to Muhammad that he was the messages f God

A

His wife was the first to accept this

66
Q

Central tenet of Islam

A

Submission to the one and only God Allan
Monotheistic
Allah has spoken to the other prophets Jesus. Mosses, Abraham and had chooses Muhammad to be the last

67
Q

Islam

A

Submission got he will of Allan

68
Q

Muslim

A

One who submits

69
Q

Muhammad made the migration to medina and set up hq

A

Medina means the city of the prophet

70
Q

Muhammad created leagal code, battles, doctrines, economic welfare

A

After arriving he became a political and military leader rather than simply religious

71
Q

Umma

A

Community of the faithful

72
Q

Theocracy/ theocratic state

A

Refers to a Government in which officials policy is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who were regarded as divinely guided no separation between church and state

73
Q

In 630 BC Muhamed attack the city of Mecca conquering the state, persuading ruling elite convert to Islam
the teaching of Mohammed create a theocratic government of Allah

A

Hajj -holy pilgrimage

74
Q

Muhamed did not name a successor

A

Submission to allah was submission to Muhammad

75
Q

Caliph

A

A leader of an Islamic polity regarded as a successor of Muhamed and by tradition always male not a prophet

76
Q

Abu bakr

A

Was named as the first caliph

He was a wealthy merchant from Mecca

77
Q

The formation of major Islamic traditions

A

The Umayyads and the Abbasids

78
Q

The Umayyads

A

Most abundant clan, brought stability to the Muslim community
CREATED THE FIRST ISLAMIC EMPIRE

79
Q

The capital city of the Umayyads

A

Damascus, a central location

  • The Umayyads were able to maintain better communication
  • The umma tads governed the Islamic empire as conquerors, and their policy reflected the interests of the Arab military aristocracy
  • contributed to high moral of Arab conquerors
  • such a policy created discontent between religious and ethnic groups under the Islamic empire
80
Q

Arabs usually allowed conquered people to observe their own religious practices
The Umayyad dry nasty was religious to latent people who did not want to confer to Islam were issued a special tax

A

Policy created deep resentment lead to collapse

81
Q

Rebellions against Umayyad authority

A

Abu-al-Abbal religious leader rejected Umayyad authority, were successful conquered places such as Mesopotamia, Persia, etc.
under abu- al- Abbas the Umayyad clan was slaughtered

82
Q

Islamic empire under the Abbasid dynasty

A
  • far more cosmopolitan, didn’t not show special favor to the Arab military aristocracy
  • was not a conquest dynasty
  • administration of existing empire
83
Q

The Abbasids replied heavily in Persian techniques of state craft, which emphasized the importance of central administrative bureaucracy

A

In order to central size they build a new capital city in Baghdad
Leaders were known as ulama

84
Q

Ulama

A

People with religious knowledge: scholars, responsible for setting religious guidance, were not priests

85
Q

Muslim sayings about learning

A

One hour of learning if worth more than one hour of prayer
Learning is an act of worship

Reveled knowledge was needed for salvation

86
Q

Muslims shared a central core of knowledge

A

A central core of religious duties, and an understanding that it wa duo to Muslims themselves to preserve and transmit knowledge, such a core Islamic knowledge took place during the first five centuries of Islamic rule

87
Q

What constitutes reveled knowledge

A

1) Quran -the word of God reveled though the prophet Muhammad
2) Hadith- the sayings and doings of prophet Muhammad
3) sharia- Islamic law, which was extracted from the Quran and Hadith and codified into law

88
Q

Rational knowledge

A

Knowledge gained though teasin or scurried by logical argument, it was drawn from Persian, Indian, Greek sources along with the expansion of the Islamic empire and subsequently translated into Arabic and other languages

89
Q

Rational knowledge: the Arabic numerals
India to Europe
Brahmi-> Hindu-> Arabic-> mideveil-> modern

A

J

90
Q

Mystical knowledge

A

Islamic knowledge also took the form of mystical knowledge known as Sufism/ mysticalism, which refers to a belief in intuition ( instinctive) spiritual revelation: the belief that personal communication or union with the divine is achieved though intuition, faith, or sudden insight, rather than though rational knowledge

91
Q

Sufi ( Muslim mystic)

A

One who believes in intuitive spiritual revelation: the belief that personal communication or union with the Divine is achieved though intuition, faith, or sudden insight rather than though rational though
A Sufi serves a saint in Islamic society

92
Q

Responsibility of the ulama

A

Their main task was the preservation and transmission of sharia or Islamic law :as scholars that describe their understanding of sharia ,as teachers they taught sharia to students and as judges they actually aministered sharia

93
Q

Madrasa

A

Refers to a building or group of buildings use for teaching of Islamic theology , and religious law . more generally the term refers to a college or an educational institution. the madrasa came into being the center for legal studies during the 11th and 12th century

94
Q

Leading madrasa

A

Al Azhar leading center of Arabic literature and Islamic learning founded in the 10th venture

95
Q

History of Sufis

A

As a group, they first appeared as individuals seeking closer understanding of God after the seventh century. During the 10th century, the seekers of spiritual knowledge gathered around important teachers of such knowledge. By the 13th century they had organized into religious and mystical orders center around the teaching of a spiritual leader

96
Q

Hajj

A

Holy pilgrimage to the ka’ba

97
Q

Believe system of the Sunni and Shiite

A

The sunni believe that the first three caliphs were all legitimate successors of the prophet Mohammed, and that guidance on believe in life should come from Quran not a human authority or spiritual leader

The Shiite believed that Ali, a cousin & son in law of Muhammad should be the first caliph. The Shiite faction began as a movement of political opposition to the early succession to Muhammad. They claimed that the only legit successor to Muhammad were the defendants of his cousin and son in law Ali ( they were persecuted)

98
Q

Proportion of Muslims

A

Sunni 85%

Shiite15%

99
Q

Sunni Muslims resided in Iraq

A

Shiite Muslims reside in Iran

100
Q

Key points about the tradition of the centralize bureaucratic system of government

A
  • this tradition of the centralize bureaucratic system of government within the Islamic civilization had its roots in the Persian empire, centuries before the emergence of the Islamic empire in the seventh century
  • under that Achaemenid dynasty The Persian empire consisted of 23 administrative and taxation districts with a governor appointed for each district
    • within a decade after the collapse of Umayyad dynasty, the a assiduous renewed efforts to bring about administrative centralization by building a new capital city in Baghdad and by expanding the Ac of bureaucracy, which consisted of different bureaus and depesttments staffed y appointed officials
101
Q

Structure of administrative centralization

A

Grand vizier: the chief of administration
/ l \
Chancery for. Bureaus for Bureaus
correspondence. Taxation In charge
( record keeping) Of court
Expenses

102
Q

Mongol empire

A

The Abbasid dynasty was overthrown by the invading Mongols in 1258

103
Q

New Islamic empires

A

Ottoman, Safauid, Mungal

104
Q

Military patronage state- the state was structured as a vast military institution. All state functions were absorbed into the royal military household, and within the military household bureaucrats and religious factionary is arranged and paid like the military elite

A

Rulers found it their responsibility to patronize or protect religious beliefs, traditions, and schools

105
Q

Ottoman Empire

A

The Ottoman Empire was created by the Ottomans, the Ottoman Turks had converted to Islam

Ottoman Turks where Semi- nomadic people they came from central Asia and moved west

Turkic people migrated to Northwestern Anatolia between 9 to 11 century BC

106
Q

Seljuk Turks

A
  • Were the first to inhabit and domesticate Anatolia and to establish a dynasty
  • The Seljuk Turks consolidated there power at the expense of the Byzantine Empire
  • the group of Turks über is an Gazi’s leadership proved particularly successful at des testing the Byzantine empire and other smaller states known as empires
107
Q

Emirate

A

A nation or territory Ruled by an emir a term that refers to prince chieftain or governor in west Asia

108
Q

In 1326, ottoman forces captured bursa which served as the capital for the Ottomans

A

Bursa in Anatolia

109
Q

Difference between a dynasty and an empire

A

Dynasty: a succession of rulers from the same family or line
Empire: a political unit having an extensive territory for the territory that played such event

110
Q

Sultan

A

Ruler of a Muslim country

111
Q

The topkapi place was constructed 6 years after the capture of Constantinople

A

Center of government administration, residence of sultan

112
Q

Harem

A

It refers to a house or a section of the house reserved for women members of a Muslim household

113
Q

Concubine

A

Refers to a woman in societies who was contracted to a man as a secondary wife, often having few legal rights and low social status

114
Q

Eunuch

A

Guard of the concubines

115
Q

Mehmed the conqueror

A

Solved the problem of succession by creating the law of fratricide

  • the final collapse of the Byzantine empire
  • mehmed’s conquest of Constantinople
116
Q

Mehmed’s grandfather had to fight a long and bloody Civil War against his brothers to take the throat, which explains why mehmed the conquer introduced a lot of fratricide it was designed to prevent Civil War

A

I

117
Q

Beginning with sultan Murad the ottoman armed forces were recruited as slave troops know as janissaries

A

I

118
Q

Devshirme

A

A recruitment and training system under the Ottoman Empire, which required each province to furnish a levy of Christian boys who were raised as Muslims and became so chairs and the Ottoman army or officials in the Ottoman bureaucracy

The central administrative bureaucracy staff of people with nominal slave status

119
Q

Slavery in the Ottoman Empire

A

The institution of slavery under the Ottoman Empire cannot be compared with the institution of slavery the Europeans and post on after kids in the New World it was not only less medial it off offered great opportunities for the slaves in fact the slave soldiers and slave bureaucrats are part of the ruling elite of the Ottoman Empire

120
Q

Structure and function of divan ( imperial council) under the Ottoman Empire

A

This is where state affairs were discussed and the business of running the Ottoman Empire was carried out the Imperial counsel consisted of the grand vizier, viziers and other leading officials
They met weekly took delivery on the political administrative and religious affairs of the state

121
Q

Reasons for extending patronage to Ulama

A

The Ottoman Turks for foreign in terms of race and language, who had no historical ties to this Societies they conquered. To govern their empires effectively the Ottoman Turks follow the footsteps of the earlier Islamic rulers by extending patronage to the Ulama

122
Q

The transformation of the ulama

A

Under the Ottoman Empire the ulama where entirely absorbed and incorporated the state structure structure due to the creation of a grand professional hierarchy, the provisions of the state salaries, and the establishment of state endowment . In the end the Ulama where transform from a purely religious elite with judicial function took everything will be under the Ottoman Empire

123
Q

Main themes

A

Primary religious tradition: Zoroastrianism-> Islam
Primary political tradition: administrative centralization
Primary geographical concentration: west Asia

History With Bian (5 decks)

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