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History With Bian > West Europe > Flashcards

West Europe Flashcards

1
Q

In 1900 Arthur Evans came to create to confirm his theory about an ancient writing system

A

Evans need the civilization Minoan after Minos, A legendary king of Crete

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2
Q

Characteristics of Minoan civilization

A
  • existence of monumental architecture at Knossos
  • lack of any sort of protective fortification
  • Cretans were great traders and merchants
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3
Q

Minoan was the first society in European civilization

A

The Minoan civilization suffered a catastrophic collapse as a result of invasion by mainland Greece known as Mycenaeans

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4
Q

The term Mycenaean is derived from Mycenae, A fortified site first excavated I am amateur German archaeologist Schliemann

A
  • located in the Peloponnesus peninsula
  • the Mycenaeans adopted The linear a scripts of Crete, transformed it to a right of their own language which is known as Lanier be
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5
Q

Civilization virtually disappeared as a result of warfare during the dark ages 1200 to 700 BC

A

The period known as the dark ages was one characterized by constantinternal warefare, political, economic, and social depression. It was a period sustained systematic crisis, little to no artifacts, Bruins are other traces for me so this. Is termed as the dark age

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6
Q

Archaic age

A

Period of development termed as the golden age. After the dark age Rea periods of monumental architecture great slayed the notion of western politics, individual, etc.

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7
Q

Polis city state

A

A small but autonomous political unit in which all major political, social, and religious activities were carried out at one central location. The polis had emerged as a fundamental institution in Greek society by the eighth century BC

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8
Q

European civilization primary traditions

A
  • primary political tradition of administrative decentralization an institutional pluralism
  • primary intellectual an ideal logical tradition of a rational approach to human society and nature
  • primary social and economic tradition of a market oriented exchange economy
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9
Q

Decentralization

A

To distribute the administrative functions or powers of a central authority among different governmental organizations as well as different local authorities

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10
Q

Athens

A

Governed by Aristocats, market oriented economy

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11
Q

Collateral

A

Property acceptable as security for a loan

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12
Q

Solon became chief archon ( chief executive officials) he was the social reformer and reached a compromise between

A

Reforms by chief archon Solon:
-he allowed aristocrats to keep their land
-he canceled debts, forbade debt slavery, and liberated those already enslaved for debt
- he provided representation for the common classes in the Athenian government
Significance: his reforms established a basic framework for resolution of Athens social tension in class conflict

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13
Q

Tyrant

A

A ruler who came to power in an unconstitutional way and was not subject to law

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14
Q

from tyrant to democracy

A

In Athens, the last tyranny ended in 510 BC. Shortly afterwards, cleisthenes resisted the attempt to reestablish and Aristocratic oligarchy. In the process cleisthenes undertook reforms, which established the basis for Athenian democracy

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15
Q

Democracy

A

Government by the people exercise either directly or through representatives

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16
Q

Aristocracy

A

Government by it really costs especially a hereditary mobility

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17
Q

Oligarchy

A

Government by a monarch a ruler of a state such as a king

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18
Q

Tyranny

A

A government in which a single ruler is vested with absolute power and authority

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19
Q

Anarchy

A

Lack of a government or absence of any form of political authority

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20
Q

Constitutional government

A

A state in which government authority is limited or regulated by the constitution

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21
Q

Reforms by cleisthenes

A
  • he redrew the the political map of Attica by enrolling all citizens into 10 tribes
  • each tribe chose 50 members by lot each year for a council of 500, which was in charge of Foreign and financial affairs and preparing the agenda for an assembly of all the male citizens
  • The assembly of all male citizens had final authority and the passing of laws
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22
Q

Attica

A

The territory of Athens

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23
Q

Lot

A

Do use of objects and making a determination or choice in random

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24
Q

Consequence of cleisthenes’ reforms

A
  • they we can the power of traditional localities and regions, which had provided the foundation for aristocratic straight
  • they really enforce the central role of the assembly of all male citizens of the Athenian political system
  • they established the foundation of democracy
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25
Q

Acropolis

A

The fortified citadel of a city in Ancient Greece

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26
Q

The meaning of Athenian experience

A
  • The fundamental motive force in the evolution of Athenian political system was class conflict between the aristocracy and the common people. The class conflict and the attempt to resolve that conflict lead first to the weakening of aristocratic power and then the rise of tyranny. Only after the fall of tyrants and the successful implantation every forms by cleisthenes did democracy Emerge as a viable political system
  • in contrast to the primary political tradition of administrative centralization that developed in persian and later Islamic empires, the case of Athens demonstrated that administrative decentralization and institutional pluralism characterizes the athenian political system
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27
Q

The fundamental motive force in the evolution of Athenian political system

A

Class conflict between the aristocracy and the common people

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28
Q

The class conflict and the the attempts to resolve that conflict first led to…

And then…

A

The weakening of aristocratic power

Then to the rise of tyranny

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29
Q

What happened after the fall of tyranny

A

The successful implementation of reforms by cleisthenes did democracy emerge as a viable political system

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30
Q

What characterized the Athenian political system

A

Administrative decentralization and institutional pluralism

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31
Q

Who was Plato’s teacher

A

Socrates

470-399

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32
Q

Plato’s theory of ideal forms

A

1) world of ephemeral and material forms

2) world of ideal and eternal forms

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33
Q

According to Plato what is the world we live in

A

According to Plato, only the world of idea and eternal forms is genuine and real. The world in which we live is only a pale and imperfect reflection of the world of ideal and eternal forms

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34
Q

What was the first major work of Etonian literature

A

Plato’s republic

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35
Q

Utopia

A

An ideally perfect place, especially in its social, political, and moral aspects

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36
Q

Who was the first group in this utopian society

A

The first group (slaves) in the utopia society is implied but never discussed

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37
Q

Who were the second group of this society

A

The second group consists of farmers, craftsman, and tradesman
** the were the only people to own property in utopian society*****

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38
Q

Who consisted of the third group of society

A

Auxiliaries. They were in part self- perpetuating and in part recruited from the most promising children of slaves

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39
Q

Who were the fourth group of utopian society

A

The guardians- selected from the best children of the auxiliaries. The undertook the task of governing upon complete training

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40
Q

Plato’s academy 387bc

A

Site of Plato academy was in the suburbs of Athens

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41
Q

Aristotle 382-322 bc

A
  • tutored Alexander the Great
  • did not accept plato’s theory of ideal form: found the separation meaningless found matter and form inseparable
    • matter: material manifestation of the intimate reality or universal principle
    • form: ultimate reality or universal principal
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42
Q

Example of Aristotle’s theory that matter and form are inseparable

A

If form as the ultimate reality or universal principle constitutes the patters of cars, then the concrete cars consists of matter or material manifestation of dorm such as engines

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43
Q

What is the potentiality of humans? For Aristotle the question turns out to be equivalent to asking what it is that is distinctive about human beings or what activity is particular to man?

A

Activity of reasoning/ for Aristotle the potentiality of human beings is the capacity to reason

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44
Q

Aristotle identified three good forms of government in his politics

A

1) monarchs
2) aristocracy
3) constitutional government

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45
Q

Potential problems of atria tiles three good forms of government

A

Monarch–>tyranny
Aristocracy–> oligarchy
Constitutional government–> rational democracy or anarchy

** best was constitutional*

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46
Q

Meaning and implication of Greek philosophy

A
  • Greek philosophy was a product of reason and a system of rational and logical analysis
  • his rational approach to human society and nature formed the primary intellectual tradition of European civilization. Later such an approach would form the basis of European Renaissance, the scientific revolution and enlightenment
  • no deity was involved in the development of this rational approach to human society and nature. It was based ALMOST entirely on reason rather than faith
  • isolated Greek communities created city states from their geographical, mountainous terrain
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47
Q

Mediterranean triad

A

Olive,wheat, and grape vine

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48
Q

Oliculture

A

Olive flourished Greek economy

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49
Q

The ecological environment of Ancient Crete and mainland Greece was deficient in terms of…

A

Its capacity to produce diffident quantity of life sustaining resources
Consequently ancient Greeks were driven by necessity to engage in commodity production and economic exchange

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50
Q

Grain supply in Ancient Greece

A

Up to 50% of the grain supply of the city state of Athens was imported from the coast lands of the Black Sea

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51
Q

Ancient Greek coins

A

Medium of exchange, 5th C BC to 2nd C BC

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52
Q

Result of population increase in Ancient Greece

A

Increased population further strained the already scarce food resources a valuable in the rocky and mountainous Greek peninsula and led Greeks to establish colonies to relieve population pressure

Created more than 400+ colonies

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53
Q

Establishment of Rome and its cultural context

A

Troy in Asia Minor

Aeneas Romulus and Remus

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54
Q

Who were the descendants of Aeneas

A

Romulus and Remus

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55
Q

Romulus and Remus almost did not survive infancy, for an evil uncle had abandoned them by the flooded river river

A

A she wolf saved them

Founded Rome as a result

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56
Q

Who founded Rome

A

Romulus founded Rome (753)bc and established himself as its first king

Greek colonization in southern Italy and Sicily architecture, literature and food

Greeks provided artistic and cultural models for the Romans

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57
Q

Who were the first people to dominate Italy

A

The Etruscans were the first people to dominate Italy, 8th-5th century bc

League of 12 cities

In 509 the Romans expelled the last Etruscan King and established Roman republic

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58
Q

Who replaced the Etruscans

A

The Romans
By 264 bc Rome had conquered the entire Italian peninsula
And created their own state structure

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59
Q

Roman state structure

A

Structure: like the executive branch

The two counsols served as supreme civil and military magistrates: magistrates and praetors

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60
Q

One of the counsuls Magistrate

A

A civil or military officer with power to administer and enforce laws

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61
Q

Second counsul PRAETOR

A

assistant consul. The assistant consul was an annually elected magistrate of the ancient roman republic, ranking below but having approximately the same functions as a consul

** primary function was the execution of justice**

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62
Q

Roman senate

A

Was a selected group of 300 men (from leading families) who served for life, they were appointed

The senates advice had the force of law

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63
Q

Popular assemblies under the republic

A

Assembly of centuries and assembly of tribes

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64
Q

Assembly of centuries

A

Military assembly

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65
Q

Assembly of tribes

A

Civilian assembly
The majority of votes in any tribe decided how that tribe voted within the assembly of tribes, each tribe received one vote. Once a majority of tribes voted in the same way on a given measure, the voting ended, and the matter was decided

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66
Q

Republic

A

A political system or a form of government in which the supreme power is in the hands of representatives elected by the pope

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67
Q

The struggle of the orders

A

Social division in the Roman republic

Plebeians and the patricians

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68
Q

Patricians

A

The noble families. About 5-7% of Roman families belonged to the patricians

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69
Q

Plebeians

A

Common people

The struggle between the patricians and the plebeians, also knows as THE STRUGGLE OF THE ORDERS, was a CLASS STRUGGLE

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70
Q

Key episodes in the struggle of the orders

A

1) institution of two new officials
- tribunes- who were elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of he patrician magistrates
2) passage of a law allowing the rights of intermarriage between the patricians and plebeians
3) passage of another law makin decision by the assembly of tribes binding on the entire Roman community

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71
Q

What characterized the period of Roman history from 133-131bc

A

Internal instability

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72
Q

Where did the first important development take place

A

The Roman senate

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73
Q

From 233-133 who controlled the magistrates and the senate

A

Nobles

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74
Q

____% of consuls came from 25 families

A

80%

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75
Q

____% of consuls came from 10 families

A

50%

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76
Q

The second important development was the emergence of two types of aristocratic leaders

A

The optimates and the populares

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77
Q 
Unlike he struggle of the orders, which was a class struggle 
The struggle between the optimates and the populares was a struggle within a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
A

Ruling class

The optimates controlled the senate, wished to maintain their oligarchical privileges and weaken the power of the popular assemblies, while the populares were the other ambitious aristocrats who used the popular assemblies as instruments to break the optimates dominance

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78
Q

Who was the first populare

A

Tiberius Gracchus

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79
Q

Latifundia

A

Great landed estates

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80
Q

Consequences of the The rise of latifundia and the decline of farmers

A
  • small citizen farmers had traditionally provided the foundation of the Roman army, that decrease in the number of small farmers meant the number of men available for military service declined
  • many of the landless small farmers drifted to cities like Rome, forming a large class of laborers who possess no property. They constituted the new urban proletariat
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81
Q

Proletariat

A

Were the lowest class of citizens without property in Ancient Rome

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82
Q

In 133 bc Tiberius Gracchus was

A

Elected tribune. He was also the first populare

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83
Q

Who was Tiberius Gracchus’ mother

A

Cornelia Africana

She was an example of a perfect Roman mother

84
Q

What was Tiberius Gracchus’ solution to the decline of small farmers

A

-A radical/ revolutionary program of land redistribution

• proposed limits on property rights

85
Q

The outrage over his bill led Tiberius Gracchus to be

A

Assassinated

86
Q

After his brothers death who was elected tribune for 123-122bc

A

Gaius Gracchus

87
Q

What is Gaius Gracchus do

A

Continued his brothers reforms, which led to hate and mob action which led to his death in 122bc

88
Q

What is the lesson behind Gaius and Tiberius

A

People should never underestimate the power of tradition and vested interest

89
Q

Collapse of the Roman Empire 121-127 bc

Who succeeded Gaius Gracchus

A

Gaius Marius

90
Q

During the 2nd century bc Gaius Marius..

A

Recruited an army from landless rural residents and urban workers

91
Q

In response to Gaius Marius’s rising if an army…

A

The aristocratic class organized their own armies to protect their interest.

Their general was Lucius Sulla

92
Q

What did Gaius Marius and Lucius have in common

A

Despite their political differences, both generals recruited soldiers from the same segment of the population: THE RURAL AND URBAN POOR

93
Q

Lucius Sulla’s nickname

A

The blonde butcher of Rome

94
Q

What did Sulla do when Gaius died

A

He marched into Rome and slaughtered 10,000 people

95
Q

Julius caesar

100-144bc

A

Replaced government with more centralized government

Sponsored battles between gladiators and animals

96
Q

Who conquered Gaul or modern day France

A

Julius Caesar

97
Q

Cesar marched on rome at the head of____

A

Roman legion

He became the main leader

98
Q

Cesar made himself dictator for life

A

He centralized government and military (administrative centralization)

99
Q

Assassination of Caesar 44bc

A

-After his death rome entered Civil War

100
Q

After Caesar’s death two men divided the Roman empire who were they

A

Gaius Octavian ( Caesars heir and grand nephew) took the WESTERN PART of Rome

Mark Anthony (Caesar’s ally and assistant) took the EASTERN PART of Rome

101
Q

Mark Anthony

A

Entered into an alliance with Egyptian queen cleopatra

Fell in love with her

102
Q

Battle of actium 31 bc

A

The army of Octavian defeated army of cleopatra and Anthony

103
Q

Significance of the battle of actium

A

Marked the end of the Roman republic

104
Q

Octavian claimed reform of the Roman republic

A
  • Augustus= Octavian
  • ** was the first emperor of the Roman republic***( 27-14bc)
  • Was truly a monarch
105
Q

Administrative centralization under Octavian:

A

1) he accumulated vast powers for himself and took responsibility for all important government functions
2) he reorganized the military system, creating a standing army with commanders who owed allegiance directly to the emperor
3) he placed individuals loyal to him in all important positions

106
Q

Gaius Octavian or Augustus’s attempt at administrative centralization was

A

The very first effort toward administrative centralization in European civilization

107
Q

Diocletian (284-305 ce) saw need for reform of emperors because

A

There were 22 emperors- for almost half a century (235-284) only 2 of them did not meet a violent death

108
Q

Diocletian laid military camps

A
  • the soldiers acclaimed Diocletian as the new emperor in 284ce
  • found it was to much responsibility for one person, shared administrative responsibility
109
Q

Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into 4 prefectures

A

Gaul, Italy, illyricum, east

110
Q

The rule of four

A

Tetrarchy

111
Q

Eastern Roman Empire of the Byzantine empire

A

476-1453

Capital city in Constantinople

112
Q

What happened to the Roman senate after the collapse of Roman republic

A
  • unlike the senate of the republic, the senate of the empire was not politically independent. With the loss of its independence to the empire or if lost its prestige and eventually lost its power.
  • following emperor Diocletian’s reform, the senate became politically irrelevant and never regained the power that it had once held
113
Q

Inventing primary religious tradition: the rise of Christianity under the Roman Empire
Historical origins:

A
  • according to the old testament, the Hebrew patriarch Abraham was a native of the Sumerian city of Ur in Mesopotamia
  • around 1300 bc the Hebrews left Egypt for Palestine under Moses- prophet and lawgiver
  • during the reign of David and Solomon, the Hebrews dominated the territory between Syria and the Sinai peninsula
114
Q

Yahweh

A

The creator and sustainer of the world

115
Q

These elements am characterized Judaism and profoundly influenced the development of Christianity

A
  • monotheism
  • scripture
  • moral concerns
116
Q

Judaism and early Christianity section

A

Various imperial regimes:

  • Babylonian
  • Achaemenid
  • Alexandrian
  • Seleucid
  • Roman
117
Q

What led to increased rw ruin between Jews and authority of the Roman Empire

A

Members of Jewish community refused to pay the empire, led to an increase in tension between Jews and authority

118
Q

The Jewish war 66-70ce

A

Roman forces defeated the Rebels during the Jewish war

119
Q

Bethlehem

A

Birthplace of Jesus of Nazareth

120
Q

Nazareth

A

Childhood home of Jesus

121
Q

Jesus’s back ground

A
  • he grew up in time of high tension
  • taught devotion to God and love of other human beings
  • was crucified by 30 ce
122
Q

Christianity started within Judaism

A

Romans believed Christianity to be a sect of Judaism

123
Q

Paul of tarsus

A

Was the 2nd founder of Christianity

From Anatolia was a Jew and Roman citizen

124
Q

Paul converts included Gentiles

A

Gentile- one who is not of the Jewish faith or is of a non- Jewish nation; non-Jews

125
Q

Paul conceived Christianity as a universal religion

A

Paul of tarsus

126
Q

It was Paul who created a comprehensive Christian theology

A
  • According to this theology the death and resurrection of Christ became the accumulating event in the history of human civilization.
  • Essentially Paul’s doctor and demanded individuals to observe high moral standard’s and a place their faith I had a personal and family interest.
  • Paul’s teaching also explained the world and human history as the result of God purposeful activity so that it provided a framework of meaning for individuals lives
  • finally Paul’s doctor and promised a glorious future existence for those consciously observed the Christian faith
127
Q

Roman attitude and policy toward Christianity

A
  • toleration was the hallmark of Roman religious policy
  • Romans considered Christianity as uncivic
  • Christianity was considered treason and a capital crime ( Christians found worshipping state gods and emperors as adulterous and prevents salvation)
128
Q

Mount Olympus

A

Where the gods resided

129
Q

Diocletian’s edicts (303-304) ordered:

A

1) destruction of Christian churches
2) burning of Christian scriptures
3) the imprisonment of Christian clergy

130
Q

Diocletian abdicated

A

His successor was a Christian emperor who stopped the persecution of Christians

131
Q

Who was the first emperor to profess Christianity

A

Constantine

132
Q

Constantine saw a flaming cross before the battle at milvian bridge

A

He adopted it as a symbol

133
Q

The battle of milvian bridge near Rome

A

312

134
Q

The edict of Milan (313ce)

A

“We decided that It was right that Christians and all others should have freedom to follow the kind of religion they favored”

135
Q

Although Emperor Constantine did not get to have the last supper with Jesus Christ he considered himself to be the 13th apostle

A

For what he did for Christianity

136
Q

Christianity had become a state religion under The emperor?…

A

Thedosius the great 346-395 ce

137
Q

Key element of a new European civilization

A
  • Germanic people
  • legacy of Romans
  • Christian church
138
Q

Scandinavia

The homeland of the Germanic people

A

Is a cultural, historical, and ethnolinguistics region, includes three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden

139
Q

By the beginning of be common era,

A

The Germanic people had moved to areas both of the Rhine and Danube River

140
Q

The Germans= goth

A

Eastern Ostrogoths

Western Visigoths

141
Q

The establishment of the Frankish kingdom was the work of

A

Clovis

He succeeded his father as kind of the Frank’s in 481

142
Q

Clovis received baptism to Christianity in 497

A

King of the Frank’s

143
Q

What explains the Frank’s success

A

The main reason was there conversion to Christianity. I adopted Christianity the franks attracted the allegiance of the Christian population of the former Roman empire and the recognition and support of the Western Christian church. As a result of the alliance with the Christian church of Rome, the franks became the most powerful of the Germanic people between the 5th and 9th centuries

144
Q

The successor of Clovis managed to hold on to the power until the early 8th century, when

A

Another aristocratic clan of the Carolingians deposed the Frankish King and assumed the kingship of the Frankish state

145
Q

Pippin the short

A

4’6

  • was the founder of the Carolingian dynasty
  • the papacy wanted to legitimize pippin, so they would have supreme power of secular rulers
146
Q

Papacy

A

The Roman Catholic Church

147
Q

The anointment of pippin not only marked the establishment of the Carolinian dynasty it also

A

Introduced the idea of theocratic monarchy into Western Europe

148
Q

When poppin died in 768, Charlemagne succeeded him

A

Charlemagne brought about administrative centralization

149
Q

Charlemagne

A

1) he tried to rely on his kings deputies
- in order to bring about administrative centralization, he relied on his aristocratic deputies, the COUNTS, to maintain order and stability in local society
2) Charlemagne had to travel throughout the empire in order to maintain his authority because he did not have the financial resources to create or maintain an elaborate bureaucracy
3) the second instrument in his Arsenal was “missi dominici”: envoy of land rulers

150
Q

Charlemagne did not succeed in bringing about administrative centralization

A

Instead he created a decentralized fundal system

151
Q

Coronation of Charlemagne

A

He went from King to emperor on Christmas Day 800

152
Q

Charlemagne died and was succeeded by his son Louis the pious

A

Louis the pious, Charlemagne son lost control of the counts and other local authorities

153
Q

After Louis died in 843 his three sons agreed to divide The Carolinian empire into three equal portions

A

They each took one portion to rule as King

154
Q

Splitting of the empire was an important factor in the disintegration of the Carolinian empire

A

An equally important factor was a new wave of nomadic invasions during the ninth century

** The empire collapse because of internal and external factors***

155
Q

Magyars

A

Defendants from a nomadic people from Central Asia who has settled in Hungary.

156
Q

Nomadic people
Who were the most successful
What direction did each come from

A

Muslim, Magyars, Vikings

  • the Vikings were most successful
  • the Muslims came from the SOUTH
  • the Magyars came from the EAST
  • the Vikings came from the NORTH
157
Q

Consequences of nomadic invasions

A

1) the disintegration of be Carolingian empire

2) The formation of regional states

158
Q

The devolution ( transfer of power from a central government to local units) and nomadic invasions led to

A

the emergence of a new type of political order known as feudalism

159
Q

Feudalism

A

Refers to political and social order of societies that decentralize public authority and responsibility rather than vest them in a central government

160
Q

The lord provided the vessel with a grant known as a Benefice

A

Benefice refers to grants of land

161
Q

Benefice is usually cultivated by

A

Cultivated by peasants and provided the ability for vessels to support military

162
Q

Vessels pledged loyalty, allegiance, and military service to lords

A

Pledge fealty or loyalty to lords

163
Q

Organization

A 
King
                            | 
                         Lord
                             | 
                          Vessel
                         (Knight)
164
Q

Once a knight entered into a relationship with a feudal lord, that knight became a vessel

A

Be majority of vessels were Knights

165
Q

The relationship between lord and vessel was characterized by reciprocity

A

The mutual exchange of favors

166
Q

What explains the emergence of serfs( peasants)

A

Beginning in the seventh century, rulers and administrators recognized intermediate categories of individuals who were neither fully slaves not fully free. These semi free individuals became known as serfs, who owned various obligations including Labor services and payment of rent and kind( good and produce) such as a portion of the harvest. Over time that institution of Serdom encouraged The developments of the manner as the principal form of agricultural Organization in Western Europe

167
Q

As a Decentralized political and social order medieval feudalism represented an extension and expansion of the European civilizations primary political tradition, which is characterized by administrative decentralization

A

administrative decentralization

168
Q

Four great Christian cities

A

Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch

169
Q

The Bishop of rome claimed he was the head of church and he was the head bishop

A

However Christ handed the key to the kingdom of heaven to St. Peter

170
Q

organizational structure of the Catholic Church

A 
Pope
    | 
Cardinals 
    | 
Archbishops 
    | 
Bishop 
    | 
priest
171
Q

The Lombards

A

The Germanic people originally from Scandinavia settled in northern Italy
700 to 785
Threatened the stability of Rome and Roman catholic church

172
Q

Gregory the great 590 to 604

A

Defined the scope of the popes power and authority through a series of actions
**The significance of Gregory the great; he laid the foundation for the creation of papal states

173
Q

Civilization virtually disappeared as a result of warfare

A

The first dark age

754-1870

174
Q

The second dark age

A

476 to 1000 CE

175
Q

Benedict of Nursia
480-547
And it is a monastery and wrote a set of rules known as an Benedict rule

A

Benedict founded a monastery at Monte Cassino and wrote a set of rules called the benedictine rule, which establishes the basic form and norms of monastic life, since it was adopted by so many monastic communities,Benedict became known as the patriarch of western monasticism

176
Q

The monastery of Monte Cassino was destroyed during World War II

A

The monastery was rebuilt after World War II or 1945

177
Q

Rules set forth by Benedict

A
  • four hours of collective prayer
  • four hours for individual meditation/private reading
  • six hours or physical labor – monasteries were supposed to be self-reliant
  • 10 hours for reading and sleeping

I won’t point 40,000 monasteries in medieval Europe followed Benedict rule

178
Q

Abbot

A

Father of a monastery

179
Q

Early medieval society was so pitifully lacking and workable institutions that it had to impose social obligations on the monks and monasteries

A

Consequently monks came to assume educational, religious, economic, and political functions

180
Q

The Roman Catholic Church formulated an ideology A papal authority and a famous medieval document known as DONATION OF CONSTANTINE

A

The pope presented the donation of Constantine to poop in the short and 754
The entire document was A lie that so call donation of Constantine never took place. In fact is the best well known forgery during history. It was an attempt by the papacy to establish papal authority over secular rulers

181
Q

The story of Constantine

A

Constantine developed leprosy according to the legend pope Sylvester cured him of leprosy in return Constantine gave the imperial title to the pope, the pub give it back, the Emperor Constantine donated Italy and Rome to Amber

The donation of Constantine implies the purpose of praying over all rulers, the emperor to be disposed from papal decree

182
Q

The leadership in Europe is in the hands of the king Charlemagne

A

The pope is secondary to the Carolingian monarch

183
Q

Pope Leo the second was charged of adultery along with other charges

A

Pope took an oath purging himself of all charges

In carrying out the coronation of Charlemagne pope Leo had demonstrated the supremacy of the religious power of the Roman Catholic Church over the secular power of the Frankish state

184
Q

Roman Catholic Church in tangled in the feudal system

A

In theory: King
|
Secular officials

In theory: pope
|
Bishop

In reality: King
/ \
Secular officials Bishops

185
Q

Pope Gregory VII, 1073

A

Wanted to free the church of secular rule

186
Q

Investiture

A

The act or formal ceremony of conferring the authority and symbols of a high office

187
Q

Lay investiture

A

The practice by which secular rulers both choose and invested their nominees to church officials with the symbols of their office

188
Q

Defining excommunication

A

To deprive of the right of church membership by ecclesiastical authority; loss of church membership

189
Q

Pope Gregory VII excommunicated holy emperor Henry IV

A
  • Henry was convinced that he needed to go to Italy to personally speak absolution ( the formal remission of sin imparted by a priest) from the pope
  • pope Gregory had Henry stand in the snow for three days before granting him an audience
  • pope Gregory heard King Henry’s confession and Absolved him
190
Q

Henry was powerful enough to take vengeance for driving put Gregory from Rome take refuge in southern Italy

A

Led to the text of concordat Of worms

191
Q

Concordat of worms

A
  • A bishop in Germany was first elected by church officials
  • after election, the nominee paid homage to the king and his feudal lords, who then invested him with the symbols of Temporal office
  • A representative of the pope invested the new bishop with the symbol of his spiritual office
192
Q

Summarizing the investiture controversy

A
  • The investiture controversy represented continued rivalry and power struggle between the Roman Catholic Church in kings in Western Europe
  • The idea of separate spheres of church and state emerge precisely because of such a rivalry and power struggle
  • this idea with the intellectual foundation for the eventual separation of church and state in the Western world
193
Q

Perceived conflict between faith and reason

A

Evolution of schools and universities
-Schools: organized and medieval period
-emerged a school of Roman Catholic Church
• Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris

194
Q

Faculty guilds

A

Associations of faculty with the responsibility for determining curriculum and bestowing academic degrees. They had the effect of transforming cathedral schools into universities

University Paris stood out

195
Q

How are the works of Aristotle Rediscovered

A

-first It had to do with the byzantine connection
• through the Latin translation and geographical location
- Second the Muslim connection
• muslim philosophers had translated the works of Aristotle into Arabic subsequently Christian scholars in Sicily and Spain became aware of those Arabic translations which they then re-translated into Latin

196
Q

Translation

A

Means transmission of knowledge making a body of knowledge available to people who read – right – speak with a different language

197
Q

Scholasticism

A

The dominant Christian theological and philosophical School of the middle ages based on Aristotle and the church fathers. It’s up to bridge the gap between faith and reason

198
Q

Thomas Aquinas

A
  • Was born into an elite family in Italy about 1225
  • sent for a higher education in Monte Cassino where he spent nine years
  • Thomas then went to Naples where he discovered Aristotle for the first time
  • His parents were so against Dominic teaching that they had him kidnapped after his release he went to Paris to escape from the feudal world
199
Q

Saint Dominic founded the new religious order

A

In contrast to the traditional paternalistic form of government for monks in monasteries, the Dominicans had a democratic form of government in the form of medicant Friars- begging monks

in contrast to the traditional monastic life of prayer and manual labor Dominicans now pursuit in active life of teaching and praying

200
Q

Averroes was a Spanish- Arab philosopher (known as the great commentator of Aristotle)

A

According to him they were two trees: faith and reason which could be contradictory

  • The teaching of averroes attracted disciples in the faculty of arts at the University of Paris
  • it was independent truth
201
Q

And 1277, the masters of Paris, the highest theological jurisdiction in the Roman Catholic Church condemned 219 propositions. Among these propositions 12 of these for those of Thomas Aquinas

A

The penalty for anyone teaching the list and errors was excommunication

202
Q

According to Thomas Aquinas

A
  • Aristotle provided the most powerful analysis of the world according to human reason I’ll Christianity explained the world in human affairs as the result of the divine plan
203
Q

Thomas believe that a conscious agent who said the world in motion was God

A

Constant agent = god

204
Q

Scholastic theology or scholasticism represented the harmonization of the radical approach to human society and nature and the Christian religion or the synthesis of reason and faith

A

Christian scholars responded to the challenge presented by the primary intellectual tradition by incorporating and appropriating it’s rational approach

205
Q

Thomas Aquinas’s commentaries on the old and New Testament became required readings for all Christians

A

Thomas was:
canonized as a saint and 1323
Named Dr. of the Roman Catholic Church in 1567
Proclaimed the protagonist of orthodoxy in the late 19 century

Faith and reason became part of tradition

History With Bian (5 decks)

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