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Biology - AQA GCSE Biology 3rd Edition Glossary > Whole Glossary > Flashcards

Whole Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Extinction

A

The permanent loss of all members of the species from an area or from the world

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2
Q

Genetic engineering

A

The process by which scientists can manipulate and change the genotype of an organism

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3
Q

carbohydrases

A

enzymes that speed up the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars

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4
Q

Tumour

A

A mass of abnormally growing cells that forms when the cells do not respond to the normal mechanisms that control growth and when control of the cell cycle is lost

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5
Q

Homozygote

A

Individual with two identical alleles for a characteristic

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6
Q

Cellulose

A

The complex carbohydrate that makes up plant and algal cell walls and gives them strength

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7
Q

Proteins

A

Molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and are made of long chains of amino acids. They are used for building the cells and tissues of the body and form enzymes

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8
Q

Pyramid of numbers

A

Model of feeding relationships based on the biomass at each level of the food chain

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9
Q

Pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

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10
Q

Vena Cava

A

The large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart

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11
Q

hyperopia

A

Long sightedness, where the rays of light from distant objects can be focus clearly on the retina of the rays of light from close objects are not focused and the objects appear blurred

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12
Q

White blood cells

A

Blood cells involved in the immune system of the body. They engulf pathogens and make antibodies and antitoxins

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13
Q

Limiting factors

A

Limit the rate of a reaction, for example photosynthesis

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14
Q

HypERtonic (osmosis)

A

A solution that is MORE concentrated than the cell contents

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15
Q

Cerebellum

A

Region of the brain concerned with coordinating muscular activity and balance

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16
Q

capillaries

A

the smallest blood vessels. They run between individual cells and have a wall that is only one cell thick

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

From prokaryotic organisms that have a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane and a cell wall that does not contain cellulose. The genetic material is a DNA loop that is free in the cytoplasm and not enclosed by a nucleus. Sometimes there are one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids

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18
Q

Urea

A

The waste product formed by the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver

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19
Q

decomposers

A

Micro organisms that breakdown waste products and dead bodies

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20
Q

Ciliary muscles

A

The muscles that contract and relax to change the shape of the lens of the eye

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21
Q

active transport

A

the movement of substances from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration

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22
Q

Producers

A

Organisms such as plants and algae that can make food from raw materials such as carbon dioxide and water

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23
Q

Partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through

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24
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The water base gel in which the organelles of all living cells are suspended and most of the chemical reactions of life take place

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25
Q

Chlorosis

A

The yellowing seen on the leaves of plants when they cannot make chlorophyll due to lack of magnesium irons

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26
Q

Double circulatory system

A

The circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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27
Q

Vaccine

A

Dead or in active pathogenic material used in vaccination to develop immunity to disease in a healthy person

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28
Q

Trophic level

A

Feeding levels in an ecosystem

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29
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

The ligaments that connect the lens of the eye to the ciliary muscles

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30
Q

Heterozygote

A

Individual with different alleles for a characteristic

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31
Q

Nucleus

A

Organelle found in many living cells containing the genetic information surrounded by the nuclear membrane

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32
Q

Isomerase

A

An enzyme that converts one form of a molecule into another

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33
Q

Tissue culture

A

A modern way of cloning plants that allows thousands of new plants to be created from one piece of plant tissue

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34
Q

Quantitative sampling

A

Records the numbers of organisms rather than just a type

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35
Q

Isotonic (osmosis)

A

A solution that is the same concentration as the cell contents

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36
Q

adult stem cells

A

stem cells that are found in adults that can differentiate and form a limited number of cells

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37
Q

binary fission

A

reproduction by simple cell division, for example in bacteria

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38
Q

Tropism

A

The responses of plant roots and shoots to environmental stimuli such as light or gravity

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39
Q

Species

A

The smallest group of clearly identified organisms in Linnaeus’s classification system, often described as a group of organisms that can breed together and produce fertile offspring

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40
Q

Plasma

A

The clear yellow-liquid part of the blood that carries dissolved substances and blood cells around the body

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41
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

The large blood vessel that takes de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

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42
Q

Stomata

A

Openings in the leaves of plants, particularly on the underside, opened and closed by guard cells, allowing gases to enter and leave the leaf

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43
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of another reaction but is not used up or changed itself

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44
Q

Ovulation

A

The release of a mature egg (ovum) from the ovary

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45
Q

Homoeostasis

A

The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes

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46
Q

cancer

A

the common name for a malignant tumour, formed as a result of changes in the cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

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47
Q

Red blood cells

A

Biconcave cells that contain the red pigment haemoglobin and carry oxygen around the body in the blood

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48
Q

amino acids

A

molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen an nitrogen that are the building blocks of proteins

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49
Q

Turgor

A

The pressure inside a plant cell exerted by the cell contents pressing on the cell wall

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50
Q

Ventricles

A

Chambers of the heart the contract for blood out of the heart

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51
Q

dominant allele

A

the phenotype will be apparent in the offspring even if only one of the alleles is inherited

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52
Q

Digestive system

A

Organ system where food is digestive and absorbed

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53
Q

Resolving power

A

A measure of the ability to distinguish between two separate points that are very close together

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54
Q

Ova

A

The female sex cells, eggs

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55
Q

Dialysis

A

The process of cleaning the blood through a dialysis machine when the kidneys fail

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56
Q

Platelets

A

Fragments of cells in the blood to play a vital role in the clotting mechanism of the blood

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57
Q

Denatured

A

The breakdown of the molecular structure of a protein so it no longer functions

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58
Q

cerebral cortex

A

Region of the brain associated with consciousness memory and language

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59
Q

Sensory neurone

A

Neurone that carries impulses from the sensory organs to the central nervous system

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60
Q

adaptations

A

special features that make an organism particularly well suited to the environment where it lives

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61
Q

Placebo

A

A medicine that does not contain the active drug being tested, used in clinical trials of new medicines

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62
Q

Lactic acid

A

The end product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells

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63
Q

Mean

A

The arithmetical average of a series of numbers

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64
Q

Diffusion

A

The spreading out of particles of any substance in a solution or particles in a gas resulting in a net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration down a concentration gradient

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65
Q

Carbon cycle

A

The cycling of carbon through the living and nonliving world

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66
Q

Effectors

A

Areas (usually muscles or glands) that bring about responses in the body

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67
Q

LDL

A

LDL (low-density lipoprotein), sometimes called “bad” cholesterol, makes up most of your body’s cholesterol. High levels of LDL cholesterol raise your risk for heart disease and stroke.

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68
Q

Lipase

A

Enzymes that speed up the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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69
Q

Organ

A

And aggregation (collection) of different tissues working together to carry out specific functions

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70
Q

phenotype

A

the physical appearance / biochemistry of an individual for a particular characteristic

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71
Q

Coronary arteries

A

The blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

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72
Q

phloem

A

the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the plant

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73
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce lactic acid in animals and ethanol and carbon dioxide in plants and yeast. A small amount of energy is transferred for the cells

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74
Q

Zygote

A

The single new self formed by the fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction

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75
Q

Preclinical testing

A

Is carried out on a potential new medicine in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals

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76
Q

Punnett square diagram

A

A way of modelling a genetic cross and predicting the outcome using probability

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77
Q

Oestrogen

A

Female sex hormone that controls the development of secondary sexual characteristics girls at puberty, and the buildup and maintenance of the uterus lining during the menstrual cycle

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78
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone involved in the control of blood sugars

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79
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

A disorder where the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin

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80
Q

Selective reabsorption

A

The process in the kidney where the material is needed in the body such as glucose, some mineral ions, and water are reabsorbed back into the blood from the filtrate

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81
Q

Medulla

A

The region of the brain concerned with unconscious activities such as controlling the heart rate and breathing rate

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82
Q

amylase

A

enzyme that speeds up the digestion of starch into sugars

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83
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

A disorder where the body cells no longer respond to the insulin produced by the pancreas

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84
Q

Incident energy

A

Light from the sun arriving at the surface of the Earth

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85
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

The upper layer of the mesophyll tissue implant leaves made up of closely packed cells that contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis

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86
Q

Central nervous system CNS

A

The part of the nervous system where information is processed it is made up of the brain and the spinal cord

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87
Q

Cell membrane

A

The membrane around the contents of the cell controls what moves in and out of the cell

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88
Q

Hybridomas

A

Cells created during the production of monoclonal antibodies by the fusion of an antibody-specific lymphocyte and a tumour cell

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89
Q

Natural selection

A

The process by which evolution takes place. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. Only those that are most suited to their environment will survive and breed and pass on their useful characteristics to their offspring

90
Q

agar gel

A

widely used solid (gel) culture medium used for growing microorganisms

91
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Cells from eukaryotes that have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus

92
Q

Interdependence

A

The network of relationships between different organisms within the community, for example each species depends on other species for food, shelter, pollination, seed dispersal, etc.

93
Q

Fatty acids

A

Part of the structure of a lipid molecule

94
Q

aerobic respiration

A

an exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and release energy for the cells

95
Q

bacteria

A

single-celled prokaryotic organisms

96
Q

Gibberellins

A

Plant hormones that are important in initiating seed germination

97
Q

Sperm

A

The male sex cells or gametes that carries the genetic material from the male parent

98
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

The large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart

99
Q

Haemoglobin

A

The red pigment that carries oxygen around the body in the red blood cells

100
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Endo crying “master gland” found in the brain that secretes a number of different hormones into the blood in response to different conditions to control other endocrine glands in the body

101
Q

Reflexes

A

Rapid automatic responses of the nervous system that do not involve conscious thought

102
Q

algae

A

simple aquatic organism (protista) that make their own food by photosynthesis

103
Q

Differentiate

A

Process where cells become specialised for particular function

104
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from a dilutes solution (which has a high concentration of water) to a concentrated solution (with a low concentration of water) down a concentration gradient

105
Q

recessive

A

a phenotype that will only show up in the offspring if both of the alleles coding for that characteristic are inherited

106
Q

aphids

A

insects that penetrate the plant phloem and feed on the dissolved food. They act as plant pathogens and are also vectors that carry pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi into healthy plant tissue

107
Q

active site

A

the site on an enzyme where the reactants bind

108
Q

Chloroplasts

A

The organelles in which photosynthesis takes place

109
Q

Extremophile

A

An organism that can survive and reproduce in extreme conditions

110
Q

ADH

A

anti-diuretic hormone helps control the water balance of the body and affects the amount of urine produced by the kidney

111
Q

Gravitropism

A

The response of a plant to gravity

112
Q

Noncommunicable diseases

A

are not infectious and cannot be passed from one organism to another

113
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

And inherited disorder that affects the lungs digestive and reproductive system and is inherited through a recessive allele

114
Q

archaea

A

one of the three domains, containing primitive forms of bacteria that can live in many of the extreme environments of the world

115
Q

HypOtonic (osmosis)

A

A solution that is LESS concentrated than the cell contents

116
Q

Xylem

A

The nonliving transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots

117
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the reactions taking place in a cell or the body of an organism

118
Q

biomass

A

the amount of biological material in an organism

119
Q

Reflex arcs

A

Bring about a reflex action. They involve the sense organ, sensory neurone, relay neurone and motor neurone

120
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate the form of specialised cells of the body

121
Q

Polydactyly

A

A dominant inherited disorder that results in babies born with extra fingers and / or toes

122
Q

Distribution

A

Where particular types of organisms are found within an environment

123
Q

meiosis

A

the two stage process of cell division that reduces the chromosome number of daughter cells. It is involved in making gametes fro sexual reproduction

124
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants through the stomata when they are open to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis. It involves evaporation from the surface of the cells and diffusion through the stomata

125
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of hundreds or even thousands of neurons

126
Q

Secondary consumer

A

Animals that eat the primary consumers

127
Q

mitosis

A

part of the cell cycle where one set of new chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell forming two identical nuclei during cell division

128
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

The lower layer of mesophyll tissue implant leaves that contains some chloroplasts and many larger spaces to give a big surface area for the exchange of gases

129
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs in the lungs that increase the surface area for gaseous exchange

130
Q

Quadrat

A

A sample area used for measuring the abundance and distribution of organisms in the field

131
Q

Culture medium

A

A liquid or gel used to support the growth of microorganisms or other cultures often containing specific nutrients

132
Q

Simple sugars

A

Small carbohydrate units, four example glucose

133
Q

Plasmolysis

A

The state of plant cells when so much water is lost from the cell by osmosis that the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall

134
Q

Correlation

A

And apparent link or relationship between two factors

135
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

Space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap

136
Q

aorta

A

the artery that leaves the heart from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to the body

137
Q

Cell cycle

A

The three stage process of cell division in a body cell that involves mitosis and results in the formation of two identical daughter cells

138
Q

biodiversity

A

a measure of the variety of all the different species of organisms on earth

139
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone involved in the control of blood sugar levels

140
Q

benign tumours

A

growths of abnormal cells that are contained in one area, usually within a membrane, and do not invade other tissues

141
Q

Epidermal

A

The name given to cells that make up the epidermis or outer layer of an organism

142
Q

auxin

A

a plant hormone that controls the responses of plants to light (geotropism) and gravity (gravitropism)

143
Q

Nitrates

A

Mineral ions needed by plants to form proteins

144
Q

Median

A

The middle value in a list of numbers

145
Q

Testosterone

A

The main male sex hormone that controls the male secondary sexual characteristics ability and the production of sperm

146
Q

Evolutionary trees

A

Models used to explain the evolutionary links between groups of organisms

147
Q

Endocrine system

A

The glands that produce the hormones that control many aspects of the development and metabolism of the body and the hormones they produce

148
Q

bile

A

neutralises stomach acid to give a high pH for the enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine to work well. It is not an enzyme.

149
Q

Motor neurones

A

Carry impulses from the central nervous system to the effector organs

150
Q

Ribosomes

A

The site of protein synthesis in a cell

151
Q

Malignant tumours

A

Invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours. They also known as cancers

152
Q

Neurones

A

Basic cells of the nervous system that carry minute electrical impulses around the body

153
Q

Coordination centres

A

Areas that receive and process information from receptors

154
Q

Stimuli

A

Changes in the external or internal environment that can be detected by receptors

155
Q

exothermic reaction

A

Reaction that transfers energy to the environment

156
Q

Glycerol

A

Part of the structure of a lipid molecule

157
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts usually proteins

158
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The green pigment contained in the chloroplasts

159
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

A process where an embryo is produced that is genetically identical to the patient so the cells can be used in medical treatments

160
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs that work together to carry out specific functions and form organisms

161
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which plants make food using carbon dioxide, water, and light

162
Q

dominant allele

A

the phenotype will be apparent in the offspring even if only one of the alleles is inherited

163
Q

Proteases

A

Enzymes that speed up the breakdown of proteins into amino acids

164
Q

hormones

A

chemicals produce in one area of the body of an organism that have an effect on the functioning of another area of the body. In animals hormones are produced in glands.

165
Q

Cloning

A

The production of identical offspring by asexual reproduction

166
Q

abundance

A

a measure of how common or rare a particular type of organism is in a given environment

167
Q

Tissue

A

A group of specialised cells with similar structure and function

168
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They usually carry D oxygenated blood and have valves to prevent the back flow of blood

169
Q

Selective breeding

A

Speeds up natural selection by selecting animals or plants for breeding that have a required characteristic

170
Q

Translocation

A

The movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant through the phloem

171
Q

sexual reproduction

A

involves the joining (fusion) of male and female gametes producing genetic variation in offspring

172
Q

Mitochondria

A

The site of aerobic cellular respiration in the cell

173
Q

Myopia

A

Long sightedness, where the rays of light from distant objects can be focus clearly on the retina with the rays of light from close objects are not focused and the object appears blurred

174
Q

Mode

A

The number which occurs most often in a set of data

175
Q

Sexually transmitted disease (STD)

A

Transmitted from an infected person to an infected person by unprotected sexual contact

176
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells with the potential to form a wide variety of different cell types

177
Q

Phototropism

A

The response of a plant to light, controlled by auxin

178
Q

Nucleotide

A

A molecule made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four different bases. They are key units in the structure of DNA and RNA

179
Q

Primary consumer

A

Animals that eat producers

180
Q

Range

A

The maximum and minimum values for the independent or dependent variables – important in ensuring that any patterns are detected

181
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Construction or narrowing of the blood vessels

182
Q

bases (DNA)

A

nitrogenous compounds that make up part of the structures of DNA and RNA. They are represented by the letters A, T, C and G

183
Q

asexual reproduction

A

involves only one individual and the offspring is identical to the parent. their is no fusion of gametes or mixing of genetic information.

184
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the genetic material of an organism

185
Q

HDL

A

HDL (high-density lipoprotein), or “good” cholesterol, absorbs cholesterol and carries it back to the liver. The liver then flushes it from the body. High levels of HDL cholesterol can lower your risk for heart disease and stroke.

186
Q

sex chromosomes

A

carry the information that determines the sex of an individual

187
Q

Transect

A

I measured line or area along which ecological measurements are made

188
Q

Oxygen debt

A

The extra oxygen that must be taken into the body after exercise has stopped to complete the aerobic respiration of lactic acid

189
Q

Guard cells

A

Surround the stigmata in the leaves of plants and control their opening and closing

190
Q

Sample Size

A

The size of a sample in an investigation

191
Q

activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy needed for a given chemical reaction to take place

192
Q

atria

A

the upper chambers of the heart

193
Q

alleles

A

different forms of the same gene sometimes referred to as variants

194
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar

195
Q

Efficacy

A

A measure of how effective a drug is

196
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that cary blood away from the heart. They usually carry oxygenated blood and have a pulse

197
Q

ovaries

A

female sex organs that produce eggs and sex hormones

198
Q

Communicable disease

A

Disease caused by pathogens that can be passed from one organism to another

199
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

A reaction that requires a transfer of energy from the environment

200
Q

Carcinogens

A

Agents that cause cancer will significantly increase the risk of developing cancer

201
Q

Glycogen

A

Carbohydrate store in animals

202
Q

Ionising radiation

A

Has enough energy to cause ionisation in the materials it passes through, which in turn can make them biologically active and may result in mutation and cancer

203
Q

Toxicity

A

A measure of how toxic (poisonous) a substance is

204
Q

Community

A

Group of independent living organisms in an ecosystem

205
Q

Receptors

A

Cells that detect stimuli – changes in the internal or external environment

206
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Causes the eggs to mature in the ovary

207
Q

Stent

A

A metal mesh placed in a blocked or partially blocked artery. They are used to open up the blood vessel by the inflation of a tiny balloon

208
Q

Lipids

A

Include facts and oils and I found in foods such as butter, olive oil, and crisps. They are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

209
Q

adrenaline

A

hormone that prepares the body for fight or flight

210
Q

Causal mechanism

A

Something that explains how one factor influences another

211
Q

Cell wall

A

The rigid structure around plant and algal cells. It is made of cellulose and strengthens the cell

212
Q

Inoculate

A

Introducing microorganisms to a culture medium, or introducing modified microorganisms into an individual to protect them against disease

213
Q

Clinical trials

A

Test potential new drugs on healthy and patient volunteers

214
Q

Ventilated

A

Movement of air or water into and out of the gas exchange organ, for example lungs or girls

215
Q

Classification

A

The organisation of living organisms into groups according to their similarities

216
Q

Thermoregulatory centre

A

The area of the brain that is sensitive to the temperature of the blood

217
Q

carbphydrates

A

molecules that contain only carbo, hydrogen, and oxygen. They provide the energy for the metabolism and are found in foods such as rice, potatoes, an bread.

218
Q

Statins

A

Drugs used to lower blood cholesterol levels and improve the balance of HDLs to LDLs in the blood

219
Q

Penicillium

A

The mould from which the antibiotic penicillin is extracted

220
Q

Competition

A

The process by which living organisms compete with each other for limited resources such as food light or reproductive partners

Biology - AQA GCSE Biology 3rd Edition Glossary (1 decks)

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