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AQA Alevel History Cold War > Widening of the Cold War context > Flashcards

Widening of the Cold War context Flashcards

1
Q

Hollywood films about communism

A

I married a communist (1949)
Iron Curtain (1948 based of Gouzenko)

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2
Q

Alger Hiss affair

A

Member of FDR’s pre-war government
accused of being a communist
Acheson supported him publicly but this only heightened the fear of communist infiltration

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3
Q

General Douglas Mac Arthur

A

American military leader who oversaw the reconstruction of Japan

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4
Q

Hirothio

A

Japanese Emperor Showa
Became a constitutional monarchy in 1947
Less traditional in his role as a figurehead after the American occupation

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5
Q

what was Stalin promised at Yalta if he invaded Japan

A

the economic rights Russia had in north-east China and Manchuria before 1905

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6
Q

Why did the US want Japan as an ally

A

geographically closer to the USSR
Containment
a strong capitalist ally in Asia would be needed if they wanted to stop the rise of communism in Asia

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7
Q

Punish and Reform of Japan

A

Trials for war crimes
Arms industries dismantled
soldiers recalled from abroad
new constitution put in place
Japan renounced its right to wage war
education system revised
Emperor reduced to a ceremonial status

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8
Q

Revival of economy

A

British style prime minister system
Land reform program bought land and gave in to farmers
Right to strike (increased union membership)
Zaibatsu (business combines) banned
new exchange rate
more universities

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9
Q

San Francisco treaty

A

Recognised the full sovereignty of the Japanese people
renounced Japanese claims to neighbours
bilateral security agreement: US had unrestricted use of Japanese military bases and the right to veto Japan from offering military bases of to other countries
DID NOT
restrict the Japanese economy or future political system
identify Japan’s responsibility for the war
impose rep payments to the nations occupied by Japan
Both the USSR and China refused to sign

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10
Q

Why did the US need to approach Japan with a 3 stage reformation

A

If Japan was not punished it would cause up roar, they had been very brutal in the war
Too fast of a reform could mean Japan would revert back to previous governing styles
Prevented America from looking like economic imperialists

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11
Q

Jiang Jieshi

A

also known as Chiang Kai-Shek
head of the nationalist party in China
lost support from the Chinese people in his passivity towards Japan

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12
Q

Goumindang

A

KMT or GMD
nationalist party of China

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13
Q

spell KMT

A

Gounmindang

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14
Q

Chinese communist party CCP

A

led by Mao Zedong
had the peasants support

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15
Q

Sino-Soviet treaty of friendship and alliance

A

Jieshi and Stalin
agreed not to help CCP and to recognise Jieshi as the leader

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16
Q

What was both the US and USSR’s view of China

A

that the CCP would not win the war and the GMD would reassert control
The US also believed that is Mao did win he would become a stand alone communist state like Tito’s Yugoslavia

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17
Q

Marshall Mission

A

Truman announced support for the KMT but not a military intervention
Sent Marshall to negotiate a compromise but he failed

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18
Q

US support of Jieshi

A

Airlifted KMT troops
provided financial assistance
wary of war so sent material aid

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19
Q

Soviet support of Mao

A

Mao had access to the leftover Japanese weaponry which greatly improved the CCP’s chance of a takeover
While Mao rejected the USSR’s offer for mediation Stalin did show some support

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20
Q

Second Sino-soviet treaty

A

Mao and Stalin
treaty of friendship, solidarity, and mutual assistance

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21
Q

What happen to the KMT after they loose the civil war

A

Jieshi flees to Taiwan were he continues to govern a nationalist Chinese government, recognised by the US as the official Chinese government
USSR boycott the UN as they do not accept the PRC as the official government

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22
Q

Dean Acheson

A

US Secretary of State 1949-53
Unpopular with the public as they believed his colleagues were spies (Alger Hiss) but he refused to fire them

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23
Q

Chinese White Paper

A

Acheson
renounced support for Jieshi but continued to support him secretly as not to be seen as an ‘imperial menace’ to China, which would enforce the Sino-Soviet pact
USA’s justification of it’s withdrawal from direct military support for Jieshi
Implies that the fall of China to communism was inevitable, American did all they could reasonably and that the communist take over was default
Domino effect

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24
Q

Why was the white paper necessary

A

published to the public, from whom Acheson and Truman had received a lot of criticism because of the situation in China

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25
Q

what did the defensive perimeter strategy signify

A

Acheson reviewing American policy towards the far east
shift from Eurocentric policies

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26
Q

What was the defensive perimeter strategy

A

part of US foreign policy
US policy should ensure the safety of the pacific
USA were responsible for the military defence of Japan, this would be achieved by the creation of a defensive perimeter on the south pacific coast

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27
Q

Why was the defensive perimeter criticised

A

Korea was omitted from the perimeter

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28
Q

Why was NCS-68 created

A

the Soviet’s developed their own atomic bomb
the loss of china

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29
Q

What was NCS-68

A

national security council 68
a review of American strategic objectives and priorities

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30
Q

Key points of NCS-68

A

urgency to build up the USA’s political, economic and military power
globalisation of the cold war
military emphasis on containment
argued one of the most pressing threats was the ‘hostile design’ of the Soviet union

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31
Q

Why was a war not the best strategy

A

Soviets had the stronger bomb and more land, a preventative strike from the US would only provoke more violence and make them less popular among Europe

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32
Q

Why could America not return to isolationism

A

The economy of Europe would begin to fail, with this so would the economy of America
Europe and Asia could fall to communism and that would make them a threat to America and isolate the US

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33
Q

Why would negotiations with the soviets fail

A

there would never been an answer or agreement they both 100% supported due to ideological differences
Soviets had previously broken alliances and deals, unlikely to compromise with America

34
Q

What was the solution NCS-68 offered

A

the rapid build up of political, economic and military strength of the free world

35
Q

Impact of French colonialism in Veitnam

A

Abused the power they held over the Vietnamese people by taking their identity

36
Q

Outside view of Veitnam

A

Eisenhower, the USSR and PRC all wanted a diplomatic solution
USSR put pressure on the PRC to support it

37
Q

Ho Chi Minh

A

Supported by China
led the Vietnamese forces against the US
a nationalist communist who wanted more support for natives who wanted freedom from colonial rule
asked for independence with US aid but talks broke down and a general war began

38
Q

Dein Bien Phu

A

A French garrison fell to the Vietnamese after a 4 month siege
when it fell to Viet Minh (communist forces) it was pretty much the end of the war and the US became concerned with the growth of communism

39
Q

Geneva conference agreements

A

Ceasefire rather than long term solution
2 zones created along the 17th parallel
not independent
national elections to take place in 2 years

40
Q

Geneva conference consequences

A

the USA + Southern regime refused to sign agreements and the USA pledged alliance to them as supporting a pro-American and non-communist independent government

41
Q

How did the situation in Vietnam contribute the development of cold war tensions

A

bordering capitalist and communist states

42
Q

Julius and Ethel Rosenburg

A

spies
US atomic secrets
proclaimed innocence right up to the time of their death
Greenglass snitched
only spies to be executed in cold war history

43
Q

the House of un-American activities committee

A

a committee in the US government for dedicated to finding communist infiltration
Most brought before the committee were innocent and sacrificial victims
Both Alger Hiss and Edgar Hoover (head of FBI) were prominent cases

44
Q

FGR and NATO

A

Adenauer realised the best way to protect Germany was to align it with western powers
a general treaty is signed in Bonn to abolish the occupation of the FGR
Joins NATO in 1955

45
Q

SEATO

A

in response to the strengthening Sino-soviet relations
many SEATO members were not actually in Asia only Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand were
some unincluded states needed the help

46
Q

Dwight Eisenhower

A

President after Truman

47
Q

Dulles

A

Secretary of state

48
Q

what was McCarthyism

A

an intense fear of communism fuelled by senator Joseph McCarthy
Both the Alger Hiss affair and the “loss” of China caused Truman to be criticised for being too soft on communism
A lot of false accusations but many resigned or were fired due to backlash

49
Q

Fall of McCarthyism

A

McCarthy targeted many prominent figures and went to claim that “The Reds” had infiltrated the American army. In a televised interview he was ridiculed by Joseph Welch ‘haven’t you done enough’

50
Q

Impact of McCarthyism

A

Pushed for an Asia first policy because he believed it was the most vulnerable
Believed the Korean war wouldn’t of happened if Truman had helped China
Britain was not secure with the USA’s policy in Asia and viewed it as aggressive, believed it could cause Stalin to destabilise Europe- policy also meant an increase in British defence spending

51
Q

British view on the Korean War

A

could ruin the stability of NATO and the UK wasn’t interested in globalisation but they did need America’s support as a main priority

52
Q

UNTCOK

A

United Nations Commission On Korea
mandate was to assist the unification of Korea and stop occupying forces
oversaw south Korean elections in 1948
body was not recognised in the North as they believed it broke the 1945 Moscow accords

53
Q

Along what was Korea split

A

38th parallel

54
Q

Kim II Sung

A

founder of North Korea
sent to the USSR for training where he joined the communist party
set up the democratic people republic of Korea

55
Q

Syngman Ree

A

Served as the first president of south Korea
developed a reputation for authoritarian rule as all his political opponents were silenced

56
Q

Causes of the Korean War

A

communist verse Capitalist ideas, wanted to install different leaders who both were unwilling to compromise. Both nations working towards the reunification of Korea.
Rhee needed the US’s backing in order to fight the war successfully and Kim believed that if a war took place it would be took quick for America to intervene

57
Q

Phase 1 of the Korean war

A

Kim’s forces advance into Korea and reach the perimeter point of Pusan

58
Q

Phase 2 of the Korean War

A

MacArthur arrives in Inchon and forces communist troops back across the 38th parallel
This prompts Mao to send over Chinese troops to Korea and starts a major counter attack against MacArthur’s UN forces

59
Q

Phase 3 of the Korean War

A

Counter offence results in the UN being pushed back to the 38th parallel and the capitalist capital being captured
This results in the UN condemning the Chinese as aggressors and MacArthur’s call or nuclear warfare and aggressive tactics get him dismissed
By June the US indicate a ceasefire

60
Q

Phase 4 of the Korean War

A

Very unactive military phase
the lack of action convince Mao and Stalin the UN want peace
negotiations take time since conflicting ideals
Rhee lengthens negotiations because he wants the US to have a dependency on Korea as an containment ally
death of Stalin speed up talks

61
Q

Korean war settlement

A

Panmunjom Armistice agreement
demilitarised zone along the 38th parallel
all military forces return to their territory
all prisoners to be returned
pre war conditions return

62
Q

Who takes over from Stalin

A

Georgy Malenkov

63
Q

impact of Korean war on North and South Korea

A

overall positive
economic and security benefits from individual leaders to secure the regimes

64
Q

Impact of Korean war on Taiwan and FRG

A

USA now committed to ensuring Taiwan remained under nationalist control
FRG was allowed to rearm

65
Q

Impact of the Korean war on the USA

A

committed to Taiwan and containment in the far east

66
Q

Impact of the Korean war on USSR

A

placed significant economic pressure on the USSR and they had to speed up the industrialisation of eastern Europe which resulted a huge reduction of consumer goods and in some anti-communist action, for example the Volksaufstand (which the USA would support as the terms of NCS-68 stated)
to undermine Mao and China while promoting Stalin as the defender of communism

67
Q

impact of Korean war on China

A

focused on becoming independent from the USSR and being the central communist force in Asia and potentially the world
still wanted to recover Taiwan

68
Q

USSR’s approval of the Korean war

A

originally reluctant to support Sung’s want for an invasion of the South, after the Chinese fall to communism and Korean not being included in the defensive perimeter strategy, Stalin sent over weaponry to help Sung but refused to send troops, in order to prevent a direct Soviet-US conflict
He did this so Sung would not turn to China for help and therefore undermine the USSR’s position
Stalin did request Mao’s intervention in the war

69
Q

China’s troops in the Korean war

A

due to soviet pressure to intervene, Mao massed his troops on the boarder close to the Soviet union in order to prevent a nuclear strike

70
Q

UN’s involvement in the Korean war

A

the US dominated the UN, use in Korea made they look imperialist (US was preoccupied in Japan)
UN forces were brought in to fight back against the communists
because the soviets were still boycotting the UN, they could not block the resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire in Korea

71
Q

Brinkmanship

A

a strategy to convince ones opponent that there is a real risk of conflict
One side has to back down for face the conflict

72
Q

Domino theory

A

if one country falls to communism, it’s influence will expand and take more with it

73
Q

Nuclear deterrent

A

a nuclear weapon or system to scare/prevent an enemy attack

74
Q

Hydrogen bomb

A

type of atomic bomb developed by the US in lieu of repeated military and political provocations from the USSR

75
Q

Massive relatiation

A

new administration believed the best way to deter aggression against the USSR was with a display of nuclear weapons and superiority

76
Q

New look policy

A

a new policy including massive retaliation, brinkmanship and rollback created by the new Eisenhower administration

77
Q

Rollback

A

a theory that the only way to secure international peace was dependent on the reduction of Soviet influence

78
Q

What was Eisenhower’s view on containment

A

He believed the only way to end the cold war was a reduction of Soviet power and that containment was expensive and would only result in a stalemate

79
Q

What was the impact of both the USSR and USA possessing nuclear weapons

A

most wars were likely to be proxy ones that were not fought on European soil (for example Korea) and that civilian populations would be affected more and more by this conflict

80
Q
A

AQA Alevel History Cold War (17 decks)

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