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AP Psychology > Wild Cards > Flashcards

Wild Cards Flashcards

1
Q

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Define an Intelligence Test

A

A method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

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2
Q

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Define Mental Age

A

Devised by Binet; a chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of intelligence.

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3
Q

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Define Stanford-Binet

A

Widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test.

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4
Q

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What is GAS?

A

General Adaptation SyndromeConsists of three stages:Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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5
Q

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Dendrites

A

Receive messages from other cells

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6
Q

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Cell Body

A

The cell’s life support center

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7
Q

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Axon

A

Passes messages away fromThe cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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8
Q

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Neural Impulse

A

Action PotentialElectrical signal traveling down the axon

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9
Q

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Myelin sheath

A

Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

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10
Q

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Terminal branches of axon

A

Form junctions with other cells

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11
Q

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Threshold

A

Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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12
Q

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Synapse

A

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft

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13
Q

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Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.

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14
Q

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Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory

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15
Q

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Dopamine

A

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

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16
Q

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Serotonin

A

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

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17
Q

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Norepinephrine

A

Helps control alertness and arousal

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18
Q

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GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid)

A

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

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19
Q

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Glutamate

A

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

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20
Q

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Nervous System

A

Body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

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21
Q

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Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

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Peripheral nervous system(PNS)

A

Sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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23
Q

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Somatic nervous system

A

Division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

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24
Q

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Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). It’s sympathetic division arouses; it’s parasympathetic division calms

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25
Q

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Hypothalamus

A

Brain region controlling the pituitary gland

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26
Q

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Brainstem

A

Oldest and central part of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions

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27
Q

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Medulla

A

Base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

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28
Q

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Reticular formation

A

Nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

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29
Q

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Pons

A

Just above the medullaHelp coordinate movements

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30
Q

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Thalamus

A

Brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. Directs messages to the sensory receiving areas of the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

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31
Q

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Cerebellum

A

“little brain” at rear of brainstemFunctions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

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32
Q

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Limbic system

A

Neural system (hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus); associated with emotions and drives

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33
Q

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Amygdala

A

2 small neural clustersLinked to emotion

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34
Q

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Hypothalamus

A

Neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus. Directs several maintenance activities (eating, body temp.), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

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35
Q

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Cerebral cortex

A

Intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; body’s ultimate control and information center

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36
Q

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Glial cells

A

Nourish and protect neurons

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37
Q

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Frontal lobes

A

Just behind foreheadSpeaking and muscle movements an in making plans and judgments

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38
Q

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Parietal lobes

A

Top toward rearSensory input for touch and body position

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39
Q

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Occipital lobes

A

Back of headInformation from visual fields

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40
Q

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Temporal lobes

A

Above the earsAuditory

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41
Q

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Motor cortex

A

Rear of frontal lobesControls voluntary movements

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42
Q

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Sensory cortex

A

Front of parietal lobesBody touch and movement sensations

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43
Q

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Association areas

A

Higher mental functionsLearning, remembering, thinking, speaking

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44
Q

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Plasticity

A

Brain’s ability to change, esp. during childhood.

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45
Q

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Corpus callosum

A

Large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres

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46
Q

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Split Brain

A

Condition resulting for surgery that isolated the the Brain’s two hemispheres cutting the fibers connecting them

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47
Q

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Right hemisphere

A

Visual perception and the recognition of emotion

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48
Q

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Left hemisphere

A

More verbal

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49
Q

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Sensorimotor

A

Birth to 2 yrs old

50
Q

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Preoperational

A

2 to 7 years old

51
Q

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Concrete operations

A

7 to 12 years

52
Q

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Formal operations

A

12 through adulthood

53
Q

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Opiates

A

Drugs that relive painEx: heroin

54
Q

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Inner ear

A

Calmer between eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrates the vibrations of the edrum on the cochlea’s oval window

55
Q

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Inner ear

A

Containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

56
Q

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Place theory

A

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

57
Q

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Frequency theory

A

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

58
Q

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Absolute threshold

A

The min stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

59
Q

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Difference threshold

A

The min difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. Just noticeable difference

60
Q

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Bottom-up processing

A

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the Brain’s integration if sensory information

61
Q

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Top-down processing

A

Info processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

62
Q

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Signal Detection Theory

A

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes ther is no absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness

63
Q

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Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

A

Purpose: to make sure researchers treat participants ethically.

64
Q

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Basic Research

A

Seeks to expand knowledge without a clear practical use.

65
Q

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Negative reinforcement

A

When a behavior (e.g. picking up a baby) is strengthened because it results in the removal of an aversive stimulus

66
Q

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Positive reinforcement

A

Behavior is strengthened by he addition of a pleasant stimulus (if babies applauded their parents when picked up)

67
Q

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Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement

68
Q

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Punishment

A

When a behavior becomes less likely due to the addition of an unpleasant stimulus

69
Q

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Over generalization

A

When Children decide grammatical rules amazingly quickly they sometimes apply rules when it is incorrect to do so.

70
Q

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Heritability

A

The extent to which the variation of a factor in the population can be explained by generic differences. Physical traits (e.g. Hair color) tend to be more heritable than personality traits (e.g. Conscientiousness) and there is virtually no evidence that attitudes (e.g. Religious beliefs) are heritable at all.

71
Q

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Door-in-the-face

A

A compliance technique in which one begins with a request that is likely to be perceived as too large and follows up with a smaller request that will surely be seen as more reasonable

72
Q

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Lowballing

A

When unattractive features of a decision are hidden until after someone agrees

73
Q

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Norms of reciprocity

A

People feel obliged to treat others as those others have treated them

74
Q

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

When one’s expectations of someone else elicits behavioral confirmation in he second person

75
Q

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Foot-in-the-door

A

One first asks for a trivial factor and then follow up with a larger request.

76
Q

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Cognitive dissonance

A

It is stressful to hold a thought (e.g. I hate my boss) that contradicts with one’s actions (e.g. I am really nice to my boss). Motivates people to reduce the dissonance by bringing their beliefs into line with their actions.

77
Q

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ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)

A

Most commonly used to treat depression

78
Q

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Client-centered therapy

A

Type of humanistic therapy pioneered by Carl Rogers

79
Q

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Bystander Intervention

A
  1. When fewer people are around (decreased feeling of responsibility)2. “Feel-good, do-good phenomenon”
80
Q

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Cross-sectional research

A

Seeks to identify the impact of aging by comparing different age groups at the same time

81
Q

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Achievement motivation

A

A person’s drive to be successful in work or school

82
Q

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Mental set

A

Tendency to approach problems in ways ht have been successful for us in he past

83
Q

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Proactive interference

A

Something we learned first interferes with our ability to remember something we learned later.

84
Q

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Functional fixedness

A

Tendency to overlook novel uses for items we are accustomed to using in a particular way

85
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Belief bias

A

When people’s preexisting beliefs interfere with their logical reasoning

86
Q

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Framing

A

The finding that the way in which the same information is presented can impact the way we perceive it

87
Q

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Stage 2 sleep

A

50%25% in REM20% in deep sleep (stages 3 and 4)Only 5% in stage 1

88
Q

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Motion Parallax

A

A depth cueNearby objects appear to move faster as we pass them than do objects that are far away.

89
Q

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Accommodation

A

Process by which the lens changed shape (flattens or thickens) to focus an image on the retina

90
Q

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Correlation

A

Shows a relationship but not necessarily a cause-and-effect relationship

91
Q

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Negative correlation

A

The presence of one variable predicts the absence of a second variable

92
Q

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Insulin

A

Hormone released by the pancreasDopamine, endorphins, GABA, and acetylcholine are neurotransmitters.

93
Q

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Opponent process theory

A

Some of the cells thy help us to see color are organized in opponent pairs: red and green, blue and yellow, black and white.

94
Q

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Memories

A

Stored all over the brain

95
Q

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Moro reflex

A

Startle reflex

96
Q

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Babinski reflex

A

Babies’ tendency to spread their toes when the bottom of the door is scratched. Plantar reflex is the opposite tendency in adults

97
Q

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Rooting reflex

A

In response to feeling a touch on its cheek, a baby will turn its head to find a nipple

98
Q

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Grasping

A

The infant will curl its fingers around an object placed in its palm

99
Q

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Reaction formation

A

Defense mechanism in which one expresses the opposite of what one feels.

100
Q

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Howard Gardner’s 8 Intelligences

A
  1. Naturalist2. Bodily-kinesthetic3. Musical4. Interpersonal5. Intrapersonal6. Spatial7. Linguistic8. Logical-mathematical
101
Q

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Idiographic Trait Theorists

A

We need different sets of traits to describe different people

102
Q

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Nomothetic Trait Theorists

A

All people can be described with one set of fundamental traits

103
Q

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Declarative or Explicit Memory

A

A conscious memory that can be actively recalled

104
Q

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Semantic memory

A

Memory of facts

105
Q

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Implicit Memory

A

Memories we don’t even realize we have

106
Q

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Eidetic Memory

A

Photographic Memory

107
Q

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Procedural Memory

A

Memory for how to do things

108
Q

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James Lange theory

A

Events caused distinct physiological responses in our bodies which were then recognized as particular emotions

109
Q

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Schachter’s two-factor theory

A

The physiological response to most events is similar, a general kind of arousal. The particular emotion discerned by a cognitive process of appraisal that follows.

110
Q

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Cannon-Bard theory

A

Posits that the thalamus plays a central role in the process of identifying emotions.

111
Q

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Discrimination

A

In operant conditioningLearning that a behavior will only result in reinforcement under certain conditions.

112
Q

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Normal distribution

A

Mean, median, and mode are equal.

113
Q

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Experimenter bias

A

The researcher’s belief in their own hypotheses may cause them inadvertently to influence the results of the research so as to confirm those hypotheses

114
Q

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Confirmation bias

A

Similar tendency in all people to pay more attention to information that supports their preexisting beliefs than to information that refutes them

115
Q

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Availability heuristic

A

Tendency to draw conclusions about the frequency of something based on how easy it is to recall it to memory

116
Q

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Representative heuristic

A

Tendency to reason by similarity and, in the process, to underweight base rate probability.

117
Q

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WISC Scores

A

Normally distributedMean of 100Standard deviation of 15

118
Q

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Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Ones that are related to excess rather than deficits (having hallucinations)

119
Q

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GAD (generalized anxiety disorder)

A

Results in the client experiencing a constant, low-level feeling of tension

120
Q

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Group polarization

A

Given time together to discuss something, groups of like-minded individuals will often come to hold more extreme ideas than those with which they entered the group.

121
Q

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Hindsight Bias

A

People have a tendency upon hearing about findings to think that they knew it all along.

AP Psychology (2 decks)

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