X-100 Flashcards
Complete X-100
Just War Tradition (Theory)
Just war theory is a doctrine, also referred to as a tradition, of military ethics studied by military leaders, theologians, ethicists and policy makers. The purpose of the doctrine is to ensure war is morally justifiable through a series of criteria, all of which must be met for a war to be considered just. The criteria are split into two groups: “right to go to war” (jus ad bellum) and “right conduct in war” (jus in bello). The first concerns the morality of going to war, and the second the moral conduct within war.
Combatant Command
A unified or specified command with a broad continuing mission under a single commander established and so designated by the President, through the Secretary of Defense and with the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Also called CCMD.
Combatant Commander
A commander of one of the unified or specified combatant commands established by the President. Also called CCDR
Global Campaign Plan
(GCP) Primary means by which the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff or designated combatant commander arranges for unity of effort and purpose and through which they guide the planning, integration, and coordination of joint operations across combatant command areas of responsibility and functional responsibilities.
National military strategy
A document approved by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for distributing and applying military power to attain national security strategy and Defense Strategic Guidance objectives.
National security strategy
A document approved by the President of the United States for developing, applying, and coordinating the instruments of national power to achieve objectives that contribute to national security. Also called NSS. See also national military strategy; strategy; theater strategy.
Operational Art
The cognitive approach by commanders and staffs—supported by their skill, knowledge, experience, creativity, and judgment—to develop strategies, campaigns, and operations to organize and employ military forces by integrating ends, ways, and means
PMESII
(Political, Military, Economic, Social, Information, Infrastructure) an analytical start point to assess an operational environment
Unified action
The synchronization, coordination, and/or integration of the activities of governmental and nongovernmental entities with military operations to achieve unity of effort
Unified command
A command with a broad continuing mission under a single commander and composed of significant assigned components of two or more Military Departments that is established and so designated by the President, through the Secretary of Defense with the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Also called unified combatant command. See also combatant command; subordinate unified command.
Unified Command Plan
The document, approved by the President, that sets forth basic guidance to all unified combatant commanders; establishes their missions, responsibilities, and force structure; delineates the general geographical area of responsibility for geographic combatant commanders; and specifies functional responsibilities for functional combatant commanders. Also called UCP
Levels of War.
Three levels of warfare—strategic, operational, and tactical—model the relationship between national objectives and tactical actions. The operational level of warfare links the tactical employment of forces to national strategic objectives.
Ends
explain “what” is to be accomplished. Ends are objectives that if accomplished create, or contribute to, the achievement of the desired end state at the level of strategy being analyzed and, ultimately, serve national interests. Ends are expressed with verbs (i.e., deter war, promote regional stability, destroy Iraqi armed forces).
Ways
explain “how” the ends are to be accomplished by the employment of resources. The concept must be explicit enough to provide planning guidance to those who must implement and resource it. Since ways convey action they often have a verb, but ways are statements of “how,” not “what” in relation to the objective of a strategy. Some confusion exists because the concept for higher strategy often defines the objectives of the next lower level of strategy. A simple test for a way is to ask, “in order to do what?” That should lead to the real objective. Some concepts are so accepted that their names have been given to specific strategies (containment, forward defense, assured destruction, forward presence are illustrations). However, note that in actual practice, these strategies have specific objectives and forces associated with them and the concept is better developed than the short title suggests.
Means
(resources) explain what specific resources are to be used in applying the concepts to accomplish the objectives and use no verb. Means can be tangible or intangible. Examples of tangible means include forces, people, equipment, money, and facilities. Intangible resources include things like “will,” courage, or intellect.
National Security Strategy (NSS)
The NSS is required annually by Title 50, USC, Section 3043. It is prepared by the Executive Branch of the USG for Congress and outlines the major national security concerns of the US and how the administration plans to address them using all instruments of national power. The document is often purposely general in content, and its implementation by DOD relies on elaborating direction provided in supporting documents.(
Unified Command Plan (UCP)
signed by the President, establishes CCMD missions and CCDR responsibilities, addresses assignment of forces, delineates geographic AORs for GCCs, and specifies responsibilities for FCCs. The unified command structure identified in the UCP is flexible and changes as required to accommodate evolving US national security needs. Title 10, USC, Section 161, tasks CJCS to conduct a review of the UCP “not less often than every two years” and submit recommended changes to the President through SecDef. This document provides broad guidance that CCDRs and planners can use to derive tasks and missions during the development and modification of CCMD plans
Roles, responsibilities and authorities of combatant commanders
a. Roles: CCDR, JFC, Unified CDR
b. Responsibilities: ADD SLIDE 13 for comprehensive breakdown (CMD Functions) c. Authorities: COCOM, Logistic Directive Authority
Levels of War & CCDR’s place in them
Strategic, Operational, and Tactical…CCDRs place - seam between strategic and operational
The combatant commander’s use of operational art to link the objectives of strategy to tactical actions;
a. Determine when, where, what purpose major forces will be employed and to influence adversaries’ disposition before combat.
b. Governs deployment of those forces and arrangement of battles and major operations to achieve operational and strategic objectives
The dynamics of Civil-Military relations
a. Civilian Control
b. Congressional Oversight (Congress Approves everything we do)
c. National Legitimacy (Jus Ad Bellum, Jus In Bello, Professionalism)
The application of a systems perspective to achieve understanding of complex concepts
A system is a functionally, physically, and/or behaviorally related group of regularly interacting or interdependent elements forming a unified whole
Using systems to frame and depict a complex environment / concept. How we visualize, perceive, and think about systems.
PMESII / METT-TC
The threats, challenges and opportunities of the international security environment (ISE) and sources for this information;
a. Threats – Who are the Actors (Revisionists States, Rogue States, VEOs)
b. Challenges - How do you deal with…(Influencing actions of See actions of above / environmental dependent - See presentation and paper).
a. Contested Norms (JOE 2035)
b. Persistent Disorder (JOE 2035)
c. Sources – NSS, NIC, Global Trends - Get there through PMESII
Emerging concepts for dealing with the threats, challenges and opportunities of the ISE
a. JCIDS
b. AFC
The elements of national power within the international system
DIME
international relations theories within the international system and the idea of sovereignty
a. Realism
b. Liberalism
A framework for strategy using the Ends, Ways, Means, Risk construct and how states develop strategies at the strategic level of war
a. Ends - What
b. Ways - How
c. Means - With What
d. Risk - Gap between what is to be achieved and the ways and means to achieve the end
How these concepts are applied to operational art;
Operational Art translates strategic level guidance to Campaign Plans
How states harness power, through strategies, to achieve their interests within the international system.
Apply DIME to strategic objectives to reach strategic ends
The role of Civil-Military relations in the processes
a. Civilians Direct; Military Advises
b. Made up of both Civ-Mil
c. Responsible to Congress
The roles and programs associated with Theater Security Cooperation activities.
a. Security Cooperation run by DoD under the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) and other authority
b. Security Assistance is authorized under Title 22 (under the State Department)
a. 3 Legislative Authorities
i. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961
ii. Arms Control Act of 1976
iii. Annual Appropriations for foreign operations, export financing, and related programs
c. When the DoD executes a Security Assistance function it is considered to be a part of our Security Cooperation
Ends, ways, means, and risk associated with a notional regional strategy
See NSS / NDS Exercise (Purple Pipeline / Laminated Handout)
Generalizing the content of the National Security Strategy (NSS), National Defense Strategy (NDS), and the National Military Strategy (NMS)
a. See NSS / NDS Exercise
i. America First
ii. WMD
iii. Immigration
DOTMLPF-P
doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership and education, personnel, facilities and policy
JCIDS
Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System
TAA: total Army analysis
TAP: The Army Plan
TDA: Table of Distribution and Allowance
TDS: technology development strategy
TOA: total obligating authority
TOE: table of organization and equipment
MTOE: modified table of organization and equipment
MSA: Materiel Solutions Analysis (DAS phase
FMS: Force Management System
COMPO 1: active component
COMPO 2: Army Reserve-National Guard (ARNG)
COMPO 3: United States Army Reserves (USAR)
The Department of the Army’s responsibility to the government.
The DA executes the Title 10 functions assigned to the Army
How the Army translates strategy into concepts and requirements
JCIDS & the Army plan - see TAP graphics
Develop solutions across DOTMLPF-P.
Materiel solutions through the Defense Acquisition System DAS.
Organizational requirements driven by doctrine.
Process to change organizations.
Combatant command concerns.
JCIDS feeds the process; CCDRs provide input through the JCIDS
9 Force Integration Functional Areas (FIFA)
Structuring Manning Equipping Training Sustaining Funding Deploying Stationing Readiness
What is a TOE?
requirements document
MTOE
authorizations documents
*applies to all components (guard, reserve, active)
BOIP
Basis of Issue Plan - requirements documents; does not just apply to equipment/materiel; it applies to personnel as well
Explain how the Army allocates resources to support solutions
Army planning events that feed resourcing decisions.
a. Phase III – Develop Requirements (TOE)
b. Phase IV – TAA
i. Phase I: Quantitative Analysis
ii. Phase II: Qualitative Analysis
Limitations and tradeoffs required in the Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution (PPBE) system
a. TAA comes in between the Planning and Programming of the PPBE
Legal issues and ethical concerns in resourcing decisions
a. Cannot exceed what congress has appropriated
b. Conflict of interest
The claims of emerging concepts of theory and doctrine using the historical record
a. Studying History -> Creates Theory -> Theory Creates Doctrine -> Validating the Theory Creates Doctrine -> Doctrine put into practice drives History
Changes in warfare from 1500 to present
a. 17th Century advance of the Nation State - Limited Warfare(Frederick the Great)
b. 18th Century French Revolution - Subject -> Citizen / Unlimited Warfare (France +Napoleon - Enhanced)
c. Industrial / Managerial Revolution - Mass Production
d. WWI - 3D warfare / Combined Politics of b. with mass production of c.
e. Nuclear Proliferation
The key elements of Geoffrey Parker’s model of the “Western way of war”
a. Technology + Discipline > Superior Numbers
b. Cause and Effect / Challenge and Response
a. Adapt to Tech
c. Capitol Finance
d. Continuity of Western Military Traditions (Decisive War)
The role of the “Western way of war” in establishing a dominant military tradition
a. Paradigm Army
b. Accept higher casualties for decisive victory
The concepts of societal and military revolutions
a. Dominance of the Nation State
b. Idea of Army as an instrument of the State
c. Ruling Families in Charge
The sources and elements of revolutionary societal change
a. Legitimacy of the State
b. Absolutism
c. Divine Right
The effects of societal change on military art
a. Marshal Discipline
b. Officers loyal to the State (I am the first servant to the state)
c. Need to preserve the civilian population base (Limited War)
d. Need to preserve resources (restricted logistics)
The concepts of civil authority and military power (frederick)
a. Officers derive authority via commission from the State
b. Flexing military power within the new Nation State
The sources of civil authority and military power (frederick)
a. Foreign troops (grant from foreign countries) - Treaty of Westphalia
b. Only members of the State can Fight
