X-Radiation

Question 1

Penetrating electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths shorter than visible light which are produced by bombarding a target with high speed electrons

Answer 1

X-rays

Question 2

12 properties of x-rays

Answer 2

1. Invisible
2. No mass/ weight
3. No charge
4. Travels at the speed of light
5. Travels in a straight line and can be deflected or scattered
6. Cannot be focused to a point; always diverge from a point
7. Capable of ionization
8. Can cause certain substances to fluorescence or emit radiation
9. Absorbed by matter, depends on the wavelength and atomic structure of matter
10. Can penetrate solids, liquids, and gases
11. Can produce an image in a photographic file
12. Can cause biological changes in living things

Question 3

What occurs at the subatomic level of production of x-rays?

Answer 3

Generation, emission, and absorption

Question 4

3 things needed to generate x-rays

Answer 4

1. Electrons
2. A way to accelerate the electrons
3. A target for the accelerated electrons to interact with

Question 5

3 parts of the x-ray machine

Answer 5

1. X-ray tube head
2. Power supply
3. Timer

Question 6

This is the tungsten filament inside a molybdenum cup in the x-ray tube head

Answer 6

Cathode (-)

Question 7

This is the tungsten target embedded in a copper system in the x-ray tube head

Answer 7

Anode (+)

Question 8

This is the two types of transformers found beside the x-ray tube

Answer 8

Power supply

Question 9

What are the two types of transformers under power supply?

Answer 9

a. Step-down
b. Step-up

Question 10

What circuit under power supply supplies the x-ray tube?

Answer 10

Low-voltage circuit (filament circuit)

Question 11

What circuit under power supply connects both ends of the x-ray tube?

Answer 11

High-voltage circuit

Question 12

This is built-in with the high voltage circuit to control the duration of x-ray exposure

Answer 12

Timer

Question 13

The exposure time is?

Answer 13

0.5-1 sec

Question 14

This works with the deadman switch

Answer 14

TImer

Question 15

This states that energy is neither produced or destroyed

Answer 15

Law of conservation of energy

Question 16

Generation of x-rays

Answer 16

Electrical energy → Step-down transformer → Thermionic emission

Question 17

This is the primary source of x-ray photons

Answer 17

Bremsstrahlung radiation

Question 18

This is when high speed electrons from the cathode hits the nucleus of the tungsten atom producing a photon of maximal energy or electron passes very near the nucleus, so part of it gets deflected with a lower energy electron

Answer 18

Bremsstrahlung radiation

Question 19

Instead of passing by the nucleus, it hits one of the orbiting electrons

Answer 19

Characteristic radiation

Question 20

If the electron has sufficient energy, it will eject an electron from that tungsten atom, creating a vacancy that has to be filled up by one of the electrons from the outer shell and will create the x-ray

Answer 20

Characteristic radiation

Question 21

Following the ionization or excitation of the tungsten atoms by the bombarding electrons, the orbiting tungsten electrons rearrange themselves to return the atom to the neutral or ground state

Answer 21

Characteristic spectrum

Question 22

The penetrating x-ray beam that is produced at the target of the anode

Answer 22

Primary radiation

Question 23

X-radiation created when the primary beam interacts with matter

Answer 23

Secondary radiation

Question 24

A form of secondary radiation, the result of an x-ray that has been deflected from its path by the interaction with matter

Answer 24

Scatter radiation

Question 25

Change in direction of a photon with or without a loss of energy

Answer 25

Scattering

Question 26

Deposition of energy, i.e. removal of energy from the beam

Answer 26

Absorption

Question 27

This is the reduction in the intensity of the main x-ray beam caused by absorption and scattering

Answer 27

Attenuation

Question 28

This is absorption + scattering

Answer 28

Attenuation

Question 29

Removal of an electron from a neutral atom producing a negative ion and a positive ion

Answer 29

Ionization

Question 30

Photons ionize the absorber atoms, and there is transfer of deposition of energy

Answer 30

Absorption

Question 31

A photon collides with a bound electron in one of the inner shells

Answer 31

Photoelectric absorption (30%)

Question 32

Four main interactions at the atomic level

Answer 32

1. Unmodified or Rayleigh scattering
2. Photoelectric effect
3. Compton effect
4. Pair production

Question 33

Pure scatter

Answer 33

Unmodified or Rayleigh scattering

Question 34

Pure absorption

Answer 34

Photoelectric effect and pair production

Question 35

Scatter and absorption

Answer 35

Compton effect

Question 36

Responsible for producing densities on the film and make dental radiography possible

Answer 36

Photons

Question 37

A pure absorption interaction predominating with low-energy photons

Answer 37

Absorption of energy and photoelectric effect

Question 38

What is it called when in an inner-shell electron is ejected with considerable energy?

Answer 38

Photoelectron

Question 39

An absorption and scattering process predominating with higher-energy photon

Answer 39

Compton effect

Question 40

What is it called when an outer-shell electron is ejected with some of the energy of the incoming photon?

Answer 40

Compton recoil electron

Question 41

An x-ray photon that has its path altered by matter

Answer 41

Coherent scatter