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year 10 > year 10 Biology > Flashcards

year 10 Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA ?

A

DNA is made up of millions of monomers nucleotides.

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2
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide ?

A

phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous.

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3
Q

what components make up the backbone of a DNA molecule ?

A

The phosphate and sugar form the backbone.

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4
Q

What structure is DNA in ?

A

DNA is arranged in a double helix structure.

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5
Q

What components make up the DNA rungs ?

A

The (nitrogenous) bases form the rungs.

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6
Q

How many types of nitrogenous bases are there ?

A

There are 4 types of bases ( Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)

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7
Q

What is complementary base pairing ?

A

Complementary base pairing refers to how each base will only bond with one specific base.

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8
Q

What is a gene ?

A

genes are sections of a chromosome and the code for a specific protein.

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9
Q

What is the significance of proteins ?

A

Proteins are significant as the gives us our traits.

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10
Q

Where is DNA found ?

A

DNA is found in the nucleus.

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11
Q

How is DNA info organised ?

A

Genetic information is organised into units called genes, genes are found on chromosomes.

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12
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have and what’s their total ?

A

Human body cells have 23 pairs, giving us a diploid number of 46.

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13
Q

What does diploid mean ?

A

diploid refers to a pair/ set of chromosomes in somatic cells.

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14
Q

What is a somatic cell ?

A

somatic refers to the cells in the body except the sex cells ( eg cheek and nose cells.)

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15
Q

what are gametes ?

A

gametes refers to reproduction or sex cells ( sperm and egg)

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16
Q

What does haploid mean ?

A

haploid refers to the possession of one copy of each chromosomes per cell.

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17
Q

what is an autosome ?

A

autosome refer to any chromosome not involved with sex determination.

18
Q

what are sex chromosomes ?

A

Sex chromosomes determine an individuals sex ( females = XX, males = XY)

19
Q

What is a karyotype ?

A

A karyotype is an individuals collection of chromosomes.

20
Q

What does a karyotype look for ?

A

Karyotypes are used to look for abnormal numbers or structures of chromosomes.

21
Q

What does homologue mean ?

A

homologue refers to chromosomes that are the same size or shape and carry the same genes.

22
Q

What is Down syndrome ?

A

Down syndrome( trisomy 21) meaning someone has 3 copies of the #21 chromosome.

23
Q

what is turners syndrome ?

A

turners syndrome(monosomy x) is when someone only has 1 X chromosome.

24
Q

what is Klinefelters syndrome?

A

Klienfelters syndrome is when someone( a male) has an extra X chromosome.

25
Q

what is an allele ?

A

an allele is different forms of the same gene.

26
Q

what are dominant alleles?

A

dominant allele are expressed when they are present.

27
Q

what are recessive alleles?

A

recessive alleles are expressed only when there are two recessive alleles.

28
Q

what is a genotype ?

A

a genotype is the alleles that a person has.

29
Q

what is a phenotype ?

A

a phenotype is the traits that a person has.

30
Q

what does homozygous mean ?

A

homozygous refers to two of the same allele.

31
Q

what does heterozygous mean?

A

heterozygous refers to one of each allele.

32
Q

what is a genetic cross?

A

a genetic cross is a mechanism used to measure the probability of all outcomes for a specific genetic combo.

33
Q

what is a punnet square?

A

a punnet sqaure is the tool used to do a genetic cross.

34
Q

what are the possible percentages in a genetic cross ?

A

in a genetic cross you an get an outcome of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%

35
Q

what is a pedigree?

A

a pedigree is a chart of the genetic history of a family over several generations.

36
Q

how is the number of generations( in a pedigree) denoted?

A

to denote the number of generations I a pedigree chart, roman numerals are used.

37
Q

how to determine if the pedigree dhows an autosome?

A

when there is a 50/50 ratio between men and women the disorder is autosomal.

38
Q

how to determine if a pedigree chart shows an x linked disease?

A

in a pedigree, if most of the males are affected the disease is x - linked.

39
Q

how to determine if a disorder is dominant ?

A

if a disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder.

40
Q

how to determine if a disorder is recessive.

A

if a disorder is recessive, neither parents has to have the disorder because they can be heterozygous.

year 10 (2 decks)

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