YELLOW BOOK SMALL SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

Question 1

Standard deviation (SD)

Answer 1

is a statistical measure of the spread of values. SD is square root of variance

Question 2

Sensitivity

Answer 2

is a measure of a test’s ability to identify true disease

= dividing the number of true positive results / the total no people with the disease (true positives + false negatives)

Question 3

Specificity

Answer 3

is a measure of a test’s ability to correctly identify those without disease

= dividing the number of true negative results / the total no people with the disease (true negatives + false positives)

Question 4

Positive predictive value (PPV)

Answer 4

is a measurement of how likely someone with a positive test results actually have the disease

= number of true positives / numbers who actually have the disease

Question 5

Factors determining drug penetration into the eye (4)

Answer 5

1 Drug properties
2 Mode of administration
3 Natural ocular barrier
4 ocular inflammation

Question 6

which size of molecule penetrate the eye better (small vs large)?

example of large molecules

Answer 6

Small

Question 7

lipid soluble/ water soluble drug better penetrate the eye?

Answer 7

Lipid Soluble

Question 8

Does high protein-bound drugs penetrate the eye well?

Answer 8

NO

Question 9

Natural ocular barriers (3)

Answer 9

Epithelial barrier of cornea
Aqueous-Vitreous barrier
Blood-retinal and blood-aqueous barrier

Question 10

Where does most drug metabolism occurs?

Answer 10

Liver

Question 11

Where does Suxamethonium metabolism occurs?

Answer 11

Plasma

Question 12

Where does Vitamin-D metabolism occurs?

Answer 12

Kidney

Question 13

Where does Neurotransmitters metabolism occurs?

Answer 13

Synapses

Question 14

Phase 1 reaction (3)

Answer 14

Involves chemically alteration of drugs basic structure

1 Oxidation
2 Reduction
3 Hydrolysis

Question 15

conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde is which phase reaction?

Answer 15

Phase 1

Question 16

Oxidation reaction is subdivided into

Answer 16

subdivided by whether they are effected by cytochrome-linked mixed function oxidases eg cytochrome P450

Question 17

Phase 2 reaction

Answer 17

involve conjugation

( sulphation ,glucuronidation, methylation or acetylation)

Question 18

Phase 2 reaction (End product)

Answer 18

end product are generally pharmacologically inactive and water-soluble

Question 19

Which drugs produce toxic metabolites (2)

Answer 19

Paracetamol and lignocaine

Question 20

Drug metabolism variables (4)

Answer 20

Genetics
Drugs metabolised more slowly at extremes ages
Liver disease
Drug interaction

Question 21

Chloramphenicol causes what issue in neonates

Answer 21

circulatory collapse and grey baby syndrome

Question 22

Induce cytochrome P450

Answer 22

phenytoin, carbamazepine and rifampicin

Question 23

Inhibit cytochrome P450

Answer 23

chloramphenicol, warfarin , isoniazid

Question 24

Pupil innervation

Answer 24

the radially arranged dilator pupillae is sympathetically innervated

the circumferentially arranged sphincter pupillae muscle received parasympathetic innervation and constricts the pupil

Question 25

Pupil innervation (dilator) schematic

Answer 25

Hypothalamus - superior cervical ganglion - internal carotid plexus - LONG CILIARY NERVE - ciliary ganglion (no synapse) - dilator pupillae

Question 26

Pupil innervation (constrict) schematic

Answer 26

Edinger-westphal nucleus midbrain - III nerve - ciliary ganglion (synapse) - SHORT CILIARY NERVE - sphincter pupillae

Question 27

Dilator pupillae innervated by which nerve

Answer 27

long ciliary nerve

Question 28

Sphincter pupillae innervated by which nerve

Answer 28

short ciliary nerve

Question 29

Dilator pupillae transmission

Answer 29

Dilator pupillae (noradrenergic transmission: alpha receptor)

Question 30

Sphinter pupillae transmission

Answer 30

Sphinter pupillae (cholinergic transmission: muscarinic receptor)

Question 31

MIotic (contricts pupils)

Answer 31

Symphathetic antagonist
Parasympathetic agonist

Question 32

Mydriatics (dilates pupils)

Answer 32

Symphathetic agonist
Parasymphathetic antagonist

Question 33

how pilocarpine works

Answer 33

Parasymphathetic agonist- direct muscarinic stimulation

Question 34

how Mydfrin (Phenylephrine) works

Answer 34

Symphathetic agonist - direct alpha receptor stimulation

Question 35

how Topicamide works

Answer 35

Topicamide is a mydriatics

Parasymphathtic antagonist- blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Question 36

Where is aqueous produced

Answer 36

ciliary epithelium

Question 37

Beta blockers ( examples, mechanism of action)

Answer 37

Timolol, reduce aqueous secretion by b2-blockade

Question 38

Alpha 2- agonist ( examples, mechanism of action)

Answer 38

Brimonidine, reduce ciliary epithelium aqeous secretion

Question 39

Muscarinic agonist ( examples, mechanism of action)

Answer 39

Pilocarpine, act on cilliary spur to increase aqueous outflow by ‘opening up’ the trabecular meshwork

Question 40

Prostaglandin F2 alpha analougues ( examples, mechanism of action)

Answer 40

Latanoprost, facilitate aqueous drainage via non conventional or uveoscleral route

Question 41

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ( examples, mechanism of action)

Answer 41

dorzolamide, acetazolamide
act on ciliary epithelium to reduce active secretion of aqueous

Question 42

Cycloplegic drugs (defination)

Answer 42

prevent accomodation and focus on near object by paralysing the ciliary muscle