Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ID > yep > Flashcards

yep Flashcards

1
Q

what is the demographic transition model?

A

as there is more dev. (econ growth) -> ageing population

longer life expectancy and less children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the traditional post-war view of development?

A

development as 1 dimension = economic growth -> structural change (agri sector -> industry and services)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is Seers’ view of development (normative)

A

dev as realisation of human potential
normative conception
basic needs approach
growth -> inequality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is Rosling’s view of development?

A

two dimensional: wealth (income) + health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Sen’s view of development?

A

multi-dimensional: expansion of human capability
(capability = freedom to achieve valuable functions)
substantive (expansion of capabilities - free agency) and instrumental freedoms (rights)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are some proposed causes of underdevelopment?

A
  1. colonialism (history)
  2. tradition (culture, attitudes)
  3. bad institutions (poor governance)
  4. geography (bad luck)
  5. unequal trade relations
  6. discourses of opposition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what was modernization theory’s critical theory and policy practice?

A

critical theory: dependency

policy practice: post-war dev project

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what was neoliberalism and globalization theory’s critical theory and policy practice?

A

critical theory: alternative dev and anti-globalization

policy practice: Washington consensus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what was liberalism and neo-dev theory’s critical theory and policy practice?

A

critical theory: sustainable dev + post-dev

policy practice: post/augmented Washington consensus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How would you classify modernization thoery based on:

  1. individualism vs structuralism?
  2. endogenous vs exogenous factors?
  3. epistemologically positivist vs critical/post-modern?
  4. top-down vs bottom-up?
A
  1. individualistic + structuralist
  2. endogenous (traditions)
  3. positivist?
  4. top-down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How would you classify dependency theory based on:

  1. individualism vs structuralism?
  2. endogenous vs exogenous factors?
  3. epistemologically positivist vs critical/post-modern?
  4. top-down vs bottom-up?
A
  1. structuralism
  2. exogenous factors
  3. positivist (historical analysis)
  4. top-down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the language and culture legacy of colonialism that may be leading to underdev?

A
  1. language and culture
    - dominant colonizer’s language
    - elite educated in colonial country
    - cultural linkages post independence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the political legacy of colonialism that may be leading to underdev?

A
  1. political legacy
    - abstract borders - ethnic splitting and diversity -> little national identity
    - local state formation undermined
    - repressive governance -> culture of distrust
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the political legacy of colonialism that may be leading to underdev?

A
  1. political legacy
    - abstract borders - ethnic splitting and diversity -> little national identity
    - local state formation undermined
    - repressive governance -> culture of distrust
    - extractive institutions
    - inclusive vs exclusive institutions (why nations fail)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how might geography contribute to under dev?

A
  • tropical climate: disease incidence, poor soils, climate (droughts, rains), natural disasters
  • adverse geography: landlocked (+neighbours), inaccessible terrain -> high transport costs
  • resource curse theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

according to Collier, what factors affect underdev?

A
  1. resource rich or scarce
  2. landlocked or not
  3. economic growth of neighbours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

according to Collier, what can landlocked countries do to avoid underdev?

A
  1. increase neighborhood growth spillover
  2. improve neighbours economic policies
  3. become haven for region (e.g. for goods that are politically sensitive -> finances)
  4. improve coastal access
  5. don’t be airlocked or e-locked
  6. encourage remittances
  7. transparent and investor friendly
  8. rural development
  9. attract aid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

According to Sachs, what is the true driver of development?

A 
geography (vs. institutions)
e.g.:
- unfavourable climate + poor soils -> low agri productivity
- distance from trade routes
- low population density
- high disease
.....
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what should countries do when they have lots of natural disasters

A

invest in prepardness and response ability

  • warning systems
  • buildings/infrastructure
  • dike maintanances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what should countries do when they have lots of natural disasters

A

invest in preparedness and response-ability

  • warning systems
  • buildings/infrastructure
  • dike maintenance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the resource curse theory?

A
  1. spending little on edu because ‘easy income’
  2. dutch disease: neglect of other econ sectors
  3. point resources (geographically concentrated): high specialized to extract - need to import machinery and tech (heavy dependency on mncs) -> little employment
  4. fluctuating int prices
  5. rent seeking (rentier state)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how to prevents the resource curse?

A

all require strong and capable state though:

  1. diversify econ
  2. develop industries for processing
  3. natural resource fund to stabilize income
  4. transparent tax regime for resource industry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is resource nationalism?

A

strengthening role of the state in response to resource curse:

  • taxation and fiscal measures
  • renegotiate contracts with mncs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the core of modernization theory?

A

developing countries will:

  1. experience similar process as west (linear)
  2. end at stage comparable of west
  3. country unit of analysis
  4. internal obstacles (tradition)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the difference between evolutionists and diffusionists

A

part of modernization theory on the process of change

evolutionists: linear, due to division of labour (specialization), biology
diffusionists: change from interaction, innovation spreads from one place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is Durkheim’s forms of social integration for modernisation?

A

mechanical solidarity -> organic solidarity
traditional division of labour
kinship social solidarity
similarity moral discipline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is structural functionalism

A

part of modernization theory

  • societies = systems where specific functions are performed to maintain
  • modernization: complex interrelated changes in econ, social, cultural and political systems
  • structural differentiation -> system changes -> new forms of integration -> change in cultural orientation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are rowstow’s stages of econ growt?

A
  • 5 stages
    1. traditional society
  • primary econ sectors
  • little social mobility
  • hierarchical authority
    2. pre-conditions for take-off
  • interact with west
    3. take-off stage
    4. drive to maturity
    5. modern society (capitalism)
  • mass consumption
  • spending on welfare
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is rowstow’s argument on the interaction between developing and western states?

A

prototypes and emulators

-west: injects capital + transfers tech = mutually advantageous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are Parson’s pattern variables for cultural change?

A

traditional -> modern

  • affective (family ties) -> neutral orientation
  • diffuse functions -> differentiated functions
  • particularistic criteria -> universalistic criteria
  • ascryptive criteria -> meritocratic criteria
  • collective orientation -> individualistic orientation
31
Q

what are criticisms of modernization theory?

A
  1. false dichotomy: modernity vs tradition
  2. tradition isn’t always obstacle for dev
  3. unilinear thinking
  4. teleology: all countries move to one goal
  5. eurocentrism of end goal
  6. hegemonic and homogenizing of modernization: overestimated
  7. predictions didn’t results (economically, socially and politically)
32
Q

what is huntington’s revisionism

A
  • response to modernization critique and instability in developing world
  • explanation: can’t satisfy immediately too high aspirations of modernization
    • > institutional lag: haven’t developed enough institutions to channel social mobilization
  • result: civic vs praetorian polities (praetorian = coups, strikes, use anything available to participate)
  • solution: stability > democracy -> so 1 party systems
33
Q

what is the post-war dev project idea?

A

1950s-1980s

  • optimism of knowledge and tech for dev
  • idea: west jump starts dev by
    a. transfer of resources (injection of capital)
    b. transfer of tech and knowledge
  • state planning advocating
34
Q

what was actually done in the post-war dev project idea?

A
  1. large scale investment in physical infrastructure (for trade and commerce -> preconditions for take off)
    • > soft loans and gifts from IDA and WB
    • > problems: led to debts and no maintenance of infrastructure
  2. modernization of agriculture (rural dev) (transferring tech)
    • > green revolution
  3. partnerships between mncs and local capita to start ISI
35
Q

what was the green revolution

A

part of the post-war dev project idea to modernize agriculture

  • credits for seeds
  • trade infrastructure
  • problems:
  • > don’t work on small scale
  • > tech implied monoculture + use of pesticides -> soil depletion
  • > dependent on credits -> debts
36
Q

what is the prebisch/singer thesis

A

from the structuralist school of UNECLA

  • LA didn’t benefit from trade like neoclassicals said
  • due to unfavourable terms of trade
    • > export low value primary
    • > import high value consumption goods
  • long-run: decline
  • origins: colonialism
37
Q

what are the roots of dependency theory?

A
  1. structuralist school of UNECLA (prebisch/singer)

2. marxism

38
Q

what is the core of dependency theory?

A
  1. underdev: result of integration into world markets dominated by advanced nations
  2. hierarchy in world economic system = dependent relations and unequal exchange -> blocking dev
39
Q

what is Gunder Frank’s variation of dependency theory?

A
  • backwardness: result of capitalism
  • dichotomy: metropoles (core) vs sattelites (periphery)
  • cause of underdev: extraction of surplus from satellites by metropoles
  • autonomous dev = impossible ; must sever linkages
  • crude theory
40
Q

What are cardoso & faletto and evans variation on dependency theory?

A
  • internal coallitions (adds role of the state/politics) + external structures
  • possibility of some form of dependent dev by alliance between domestic and int capital
  • Evans 3 way alliance: (1) domestic capital interests, (2) foreign capital, (3) state
41
Q

what is ODonnell et al.’s varation of dependency theory?

A

political consequences of dependence: exclusionary authoritarianism

42
Q

what is wallerstein’s world system theory varation of dependency?

A
  • core + semi-periphery + periphery

- unit of analysis: world system (+role of state)

43
Q

what do world system thoery and dependency share?

A
  1. structuralist
  2. analyse capitalist dev
  3. level of world system with unequal relations
  4. unequal exchange
44
Q

what are the strengths and weaknesses of dependency theory?

A

strengths:
1. corrects 1 sided modernication (adds external factors)
2. consistent historical analysis
weaknesses:
1. state focus (methodological territorialism)
2. implicit assumptions of breaking linkages will lead to dev
3. underestimate importance of internal factors still

45
Q

what is the New International Economic Order (NIEO)?

A

dependence theory based policy practice

  • attempt to reform world markets for raw materials
    (a) stabilization funds to compensate for low prices
    (b) reserve stock (so less shock)
    (c) cartels: formation of OPEC (oil)
  • success? limited -> still fluctuating prices and little access of western markets
46
Q

what were some policy practices following dependency theory?

A
  1. NIEO
  2. ISI in LA
  3. ISI in Africa?
47
Q

how did Latin America respond to growing dependency theory?

A

ISI
composition:
- shift in economy’s outward orientation
- produce formerly imported goods
- local progressive bourgeoisie emergence for dev
- protect infant industries by tariffs (overvalued XR)

48
Q

what was the effect of ISIs in LA?

A
  • insufficient profitability
  • remained dependent on importing tech and machinery
  • financed by exports, but suffering from overvalued XR + still dependent on primary sectors
    - > 1960s: strategy exhausted
    - > structurally deficit BoP
  • political effect: pol instability and rise of exclusionary politics
49
Q

what was the response to high dependence in Africa?

A
  • protection + overvalued XR
  • high state intervention, state monopolies, crop taxation, low food prices…
  • led to: African Agrarian crisis in 1970s
    - > low productivity
    - > dependence on food imports and food aid (low incentives to produce)
    - > urban bias of dev
    - > BoP structurally high deficits
  • emergence of ‘bad policies’ perspective
50
Q

what was the response to high dependence in Asia?

A
  • some radical de-linkage + autarky: e.g. China, Burma, NK…
  • rise of asian tigers + newly industrialised countries (NCIs)
51
Q

how is the asian miracle/asian tigers explained?

A
  1. political constellation favourable to econ growth: committed elite, perception of need to catch up, capable bureaucracy
  2. private-public partnership
  3. export-oriented industrialisation (EOI)
  4. disciplined and large labour force
  5. confucianism culture
  6. investment in human dev., some redistribution
  7. timing and niches of int market
52
Q

how might the asian tiger success be interpreted differently?

A

modernization vs dependency:

53
Q

what are the core arguments for neoliberalism on dev?

A
  1. 1 route to econ dev: through markets (vs. state)
    TINA: There Is No Alternative
  2. social and econ inequalities: inherent and not problematic
54
Q

what are the origins of neoliberalism view of dev?

A
  1. economic crisis in developing world (oil crises -> debt crises due to state intervention)
  2. rise of conservative politicians
55
Q

what were the causes of the debt crisis

A
  1. economic decline
  2. declining prices of raw materials (little export earnings)
  3. oil crises (prices going up -> worsening terms of trade)
  4. rising debt with commercial banks
56
Q

what are the differences between sovereign debt, odious debt and unsustainable debt?

A

odious debt: illegitimate debt incurred by dictatorships for unprofitable personal gain
unsustainable debt: debt exceeds 150% of value of exports or 250% of gov revenue

57
Q

what did the debt crisis lead to?

A

conditionality (policy-based lending) by IMF

  • open economies
  • EOI
  • Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs)
58
Q

what are Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs)?

A

Washington consensus 1980s

  • restructuring of economy based on neoliberal values
  • based on:
    (1) stabilization: less gov spending and devalue currency
    (2) adjustment towards market economy: policy reforms
  • concrete measures:
    1. liberalizing markets
    2. privatization of state-owned companies
    3. budget cuts
    4. deregulation
    5. ending subsidies
59
Q

what are some arguments supporting SAPs?

A
  1. correction of failed statist policies
  2. restructuring -> renewed econ growth
  3. Williamson: consensus of policy package across pol spectrumm
60
Q

what are some arguments against SAPs?

A
  1. no 1 recipe for many countries with different conditions
  2. dictated to developing govs
  3. budget cuts -> poverty and inequality
  4. Lost Decade for Dev
61
Q

what is the ‘Lost Decade For Dev’?

A

SAPs (neoliberalism) in developing world

1980s

62
Q

What does Collier say about the bottom billion?

A
  1. capital flows outside the country (debt servicing + capital flight)
  2. human capital drained
  3. raw materials and resources distort economic and political system (resource curse theory)
  4. low capital inflow (poor governance perceived risk fr investment)
    bottom billion cannot compete with Asia: harder to break into global market now (they did it when there was a niche in the market)
63
Q

what are some empirical elements of globalization?

A
  • tech changes
  • neoliberal policies
  • increase econ relations (trade, investment, finance)
  • migration
  • new transnational actors
64
Q

what are some subjective elements of globalization

A
  • increased consciousness of world as 1 global system = reflexity
  • end of bipolarity
65
Q

what factors determine the effect of globalization?

A
  1. diversification of the economy
  2. industries that can be scaled up
  3. skilled and educated labour force
  4. innovation through investment in human capital
  5. well-developed infrastructure
  6. historical timing (niche)
  7. human capital investments
66
Q

what are the cultural aspects of globalization?

A
  1. homogenization
    - convergence of western dominance
    - +ve version: lib dem
    - -ve version: mncs spread organizational and cultural practices
  2. polarization
    - western/capitalist vs south clash
  3. hybridization
    - blending of cultures
    - west and south influence each other
67
Q

what are the political aspects of globalization?

A
  • debate on state relevance with new actors
  • transnational actors (MNCs, IFIs): impact econ and pol decision by govs
  • intergov orgs (regimes): limit/regulate policy options
  • nongov orgs: watchdogs over social and hr policies
  • create double bind: state must do more with less
68
Q

what are the various positions of state relevance changing in response to globalization?

A
  1. declinist position:
    - less relevant, lost autonomy
    - all important decisions made by: IFIs, MNCs, IOs
    - end of methodological territorialism
  2. states remain relevant
    - still most important actors (use of force, regulate borders, can tax)
  3. important to extent that states set terms for their integration in world markets and admitting MNCs
69
Q

According to Ezrow, how can states cope with globalization?

A
  1. strong state institutions (admin, pol, judicial, financial)
  2. emphasizing edu
  3. collective investment in social insurance
  4. regulate transnational and econ actors + set terms for their involvement
70
Q

what do sustainable dev and post-dev share?

A
  1. -ve side of dev: pollution, resource depletion, soil depletion
  2. globalization = radical modernity -> inequities between peoples, ethnic groups, genders
  3. fundamental question about modernity and dev as concepts (alternative dev)
71
Q

what is feminism in relation to dev?

A
  • knowledge, polcy and dev practices aren’t gender neutral
  • consequences:
    • > new tech and production methods offered to male head of household (woman = babies / men = work)
    • > woman loss of social status, cosntorl over resources, reduce autonomy
  • result: gender inequality
  • dev = conditioned by male notions of growth (domination of nature)
72
Q

what are differnt persepctives on the environmental problems?

A
  1. pessimsitic/radical perspective: limits will be reached; must radically alter dev
  2. optimistic perspective: new scientific tech will solve problems (adapted kuznet’s curve)
73
Q

what was the brundlant report in 1987?

A

generated the concept of sustainabel dev

  • growth essential in developing countries but need shift to sd
  • meet needs of present w/o compromising needs of future gens

ID (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions