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Zoology Exam Part 1 > Zoology > Flashcards

Zoology Flashcards

1
Q

Longest animal

A

Nemertean
Lions mane jellyfish

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2
Q

Tallest living animal

A

Giraffa Camelopardalis

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3
Q

Most massive animal

A

Blue whale / Balaenoptera musculus

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4
Q

Largest of all reptiles

A

Earth-shaking lizard/ Seismosaurus Hallorum

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5
Q

Largest animal that ever walked on land

A

Sauropod dinosaur/ Argentinosaurus

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6
Q

Largest land animal today

A

Male Savannah Elephant

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7
Q

Largest land mammal

A

Baluchitherium

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8
Q

Longest lived animal

A

Ocean quahog/ Arctica Islandica

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9
Q

All animals are _________ and __________

A

Multicellular and Heterotrophs

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10
Q

They can move around in some way: walk, run swim

A

Motile

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11
Q

They don’t move around like corals

A

Sessile

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12
Q

Building blocks or energy source

A

Nutrients

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13
Q

Basic unit of life

A

Cell

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14
Q

Must eat organic molecules and then break them down to energy

A

Heterotrophs

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15
Q

Extract energy from sunlight

A

Autotrophs

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16
Q

2 basic ways to get energy molecules

A

Heterotrophs
Autotrophs

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17
Q

Break down energy w/ or w/o O2 gas

A

Aerobic respiration

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18
Q

Produces energy without the use of O2

A

Anaerobic respiration

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19
Q

Most animals store extra energy as _____or _____

A

Fats
Oils

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20
Q

Most animals have a _______ with distinct sense organs and some kind of brain

A

Head

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21
Q

How they interact with their environment and with each other

A

Behavior

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22
Q

A type of behavior where it may be internal or external and perceived by sensory organ or cell

A

Stimulus

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23
Q

Controlled or modified by nervous or endocrine system

A

Response

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24
Q

A type of behavior, response to single stimulus by motile organism

A

Taxes

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25
Q

A type of behavior, more complex but unlearned, unmodifiable response in organisms with well developed nervous system

A

Reflexes

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26
Q

A type of behavior where it is from simple to very complex

A

Learned Behavior

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27
Q

Probably some of the most unique chemicals produced by animals are a huge variety of _______

A

Venom

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28
Q

Animal cells are ______

A

Eukaryotic cells

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29
Q

Single celled organisms like protozoa

A

Jack of all trades

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30
Q

Group of similar cells performing similar functions

A

Tissues

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31
Q

Animal tissue: most primitive animal tissue, forms the outer covering

A

Epithelial tissue

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32
Q

6 Functions of Epithelial tissue

A

Protection
Absorption
Transport
Filtration
Gas exchange
Secretion

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33
Q

Animal tissue: most widespread and abundant type of tissue in animal

A

Connective tissue

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34
Q

Unique animal protein

A

Collagen

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35
Q

5 Function of connective tissue

A

Glue
Support and movement
Nutrient storage
Temperature hemostasis
Transport

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36
Q

Animal tissue: elongated cells, spindle shaped, up to 1 ft long

A

Muscle tissue

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37
Q

3 Functions of muscle tissue

A

Movement
Posture
Heat generation

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38
Q

Elongated into long fibers typically large cell body with one or more long fibers

A

Nervous tissue

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39
Q

2 functions of nervous tissue

A

Sense internal and external environmental changes
Coordination and control of muscles and glands

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40
Q

Most adults retain some kinds of embryonic cells

A

Stem cells

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41
Q

Outer covering of the animal

A

Skin

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42
Q

Many animals can quickly change the color of their skin

A

Chromatophores

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43
Q

Especially terrestrial animals

A

Skeletal system

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44
Q

3 kinds of support system in animal

A

Exoskeleton- outside
Endoskeleton- internal
Hydrostatic skeleton- control fluid pressure

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45
Q

Unique in animals some are voluntary and involuntary
Heat production

A

Muscular system

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46
Q

Most animals digest the food AFTER is eaten

A

Digestive system

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47
Q

Long continuous tube that is open in both ends

A

Alimentary canal (GI trac)

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48
Q

Like plants, animals require O2 to produce energy and release CO2

A

Respiratory system

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49
Q

Major connection between external and internal environment

A

Circulatory system

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50
Q

Use chemicals to coordinate activities and communicate in animals

A

Endocrine system

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51
Q

Animals move much more quickly,must respond to things much quicker

A

Nervous system

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52
Q

Rapid, automatic, predictable kotor response to a stimulus

A

Reflex

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53
Q

3 kinds of nervous system

A

Nerve net
Ganglia and nerve cords
True brain and spinal cord

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54
Q

Monitor and allow organism to respond to its environment

A

Senses

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55
Q

Sensory receptors are _______

A

Transducers

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56
Q

6 kinds of transducer

A

Photoreceptor- light
Chemoreceptor- chemical
Thermoreceptor- temperature
Mechanoreceptor- pressure, touch
Osmoreceptor- salt/water
Nocioceptor- pain

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57
Q

Excretory wastes= metabolic waste

A

Excretory system

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58
Q

Reproduce asexually and sexually

A

Reproductive system

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59
Q

Occurs in prokaryotic microorganism, produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

A

Asexual reproduction

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60
Q

Also called binary fission, split itself into half and regenerate

A

Fission

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61
Q

Turbellarian flatworms commonly called planarians

A

Dugesia dorotocephala

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62
Q

Scientific name of sea anemone

A

Cnidaria

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63
Q

Scientific name of sea cucumber

A

Echinodermata

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64
Q

Outgrowth of a part of the body leading to a separation of the bud and formation of two individuals

A

Budding
Common in hydras and corals

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65
Q

Breaking of an individual followed by regeneration, observed in sponges and starfish

A

Fragmentation

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66
Q

Egg develops into an individual without being fetilized

A

Parthenogenesis

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67
Q

Drones not fertilized by the egg in bees

A

Haploid males

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68
Q

Workers and queen, fertilized egg in bees

A

Diploid females

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69
Q

Combination of reproductive cells from two individuals to form genetically unique offspring

A

Sexual reproduction

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70
Q

Mechanism that determines which sex an individual develops into, also can vary

A

Sex determination

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71
Q

One individual has both male and female reproductive system ( sexual reproduction)

A

Hermaphroditism

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72
Q

Determined genetically by the combination of XY chromosome

A

Mammalian sex

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73
Q

Chromosome for male

A

XY heterozygous

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74
Q

Chromosome for female

A

XX homozygous

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75
Q

Dependent on the combination of Z W chromosome

A

Bird sex determination

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76
Q

Male chromosome in birds

A

ZZ homozygous

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77
Q

Female chromosome in birds

A

ZW heterozygous

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78
Q

Dependent on the temperature during the middle third of egg development

A

Temperature- dependent sex determination

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79
Q

Female first

A

Protogyny

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80
Q

Male first

A

Protandry

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81
Q

Fusion of egg and sperm

A

Fertilization

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82
Q

Occurs in aquatic environments where both eggs and sperm are released into the water

A

External fertilization

83
Q

Occur in male directly depositing sperm in the female during mating

A

Internal fertilization

84
Q

Fertilized egg are laid outside the female’s body and develop there, receiving nourishment from the yolk

A

Oviparity

85
Q

Fetilized egg are retained in the female, and the embryo obtains its nourishment form the yolk or hatch inside of her or laid before they hatch

A

Ovoviparity

86
Q

Young are born alive like mammals

A

Viviparity

87
Q

Progressive changes from beginning to maturity

A

Development

88
Q

Hierarchy of developmental decisions

A

Specialization

89
Q

Many eggs release a _________ to attract sperm of same species

A

Chemical molecule

90
Q

What organs are moving in sea urchin sperm

A

Jelly layer, vitelline envelope

91
Q

Ensures the egg recognizes only sperm of the same species

A

Egg-recognition protein
Species-specific sperm receptor

92
Q

6 principles of development

A

Gamete formation
Fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Organogenesis
Growth

93
Q

Entry of more than one sperm

A

Polyspermy

94
Q

Electrical potential rapidly spreads across the membrane

A

Fast block

95
Q

Fusion of thousands of enzyme-rich cortical granules

A

Cortical reaction

96
Q

Released contents between the membrane and vitelline envelope

A

Cortical granules

97
Q

Osmotic gradient

A

Water rushes to the spaces
Elevates the envelope
Lifts away all the other sperm except the sperm who successfully penetrated the egg

98
Q

Envelope hardens and block of polyspermy is complete

A

Fertilization membrane

99
Q

Fusion of male and female nuclei

A

Diploid zygote nucleus

100
Q

Sets in motion important changes in the egg cytoplasm

A

Fertilization

101
Q

Fetilized egg

A

Zygote

102
Q

Embryo divides repeatedly

A

Cleavage

103
Q

Large cytoplasmic mass converted into small maneuverable cells

A

Blastomere

104
Q

Zygote has been divided into many hundreds of cells/ cleavage creates a cluster of cells

A

Blastula

105
Q

Cleavage types: extends entire length of egg, doesn’t contain a lot of yolk

A

Holoblastic

106
Q

Cleavage type: cells divide sitting on top of yolk, too much yolk so cannot divide

A

Meroblastic

107
Q

Egg types and cleavage: very little yolk, evenly distributed

A

Isolecithal, holoblastic or full cleavage

108
Q

Moderate yolk

A

Mesolecithal, holoblastic

109
Q

Abundance of yolk

A

Telolecithal, meroblastic

110
Q

During blastula stage, first germ layer is formed

A

Ectoderm

111
Q

Fluid filled cavity

A

Blastocoel

112
Q

Results in the formation of second germ layer

A

Gastrulation

113
Q

New internal cavity

A

Gastrocoel

114
Q

Has an outer layer of ectoderm and inner layer of endoderm

A

Gastrula

115
Q

Only opening of embryonic gut

A

Blastopore

116
Q

Does not fully extend to other side

A

Blind gut

117
Q

Opening extends and produces a second opening, anus

A

Complete gut

118
Q

Animals that has 2 germ layers

A

Diploblastic

119
Q

Animals that has 3 germ layer

A

Triploblastic

120
Q

Third germ layer, forms between the endoderm and ectoderm, arises from endoderm

A

Mesoderm

121
Q

Epithelium and nervous system

A

Ectoderm

122
Q

Epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tract, liver, pancreas

A

Endoderm

123
Q

Muscular system and reproductive system, blood, bone, kidney

A

Mesoderm

124
Q

Third cavity, surrounded by mesoderm

A

Coelom

125
Q

Animals without coelom

A

Acoelomates

126
Q

Two major groups of triploblastic animal

A

Protostome
Deuterostome

127
Q

Four developmental characters

A

Cleavage patterns
Fate of blastopore
Coelom formation
Embryo type

128
Q

Blastopore becomes anus to mouth

A

Deuterostome embryos

129
Q

Blastopore becomes mouth to anus

A

Protostome embryos

130
Q

Mesoderm pushes outward and expand into pouch like coelomic compartment, deuterostome

A

Enterocoely

131
Q

Mesoderm separates or splits to form a cavity(coelom), protostome

A

Schizocoely

132
Q

All vertebrate embryo share _________________

A

Chordate hallmarks

133
Q

5 chordate hallmarks

A

Dorsal neural tube
Notochord
Pharyngeal gill with aortic arches
Ventral heart
Post anal tail

134
Q

Fluid filled sac that encloses the embryo

A

Amnion

135
Q

4 extraembryonic membranes

A

Amnion
Yolk sac
Allantois
Chorion

136
Q

Stores the yolk

A

Yolk sac

137
Q

Storage of metabolic wastes
Respiratory surface for gas exchange

A

Allantois

138
Q

Lies beneath the egg shell and encloses the embryo and other embryonic membrane

A

Chorion

139
Q

Primitive mammals that lay eggs

A

Monotremes

140
Q

Extension with the chorion

A

Villi

141
Q

Embryos born at an early stage of development and continue in abdominal pouch of mother

A

Marsupials

142
Q

Represent 94% pf the class mammalia

A

Placental mammals

143
Q

Expanded region or bahay bata

A

Uterus

144
Q

First two weeks

A

Germinal period

145
Q

_____________ransported by the oviduct to the uterus, propelled by __________

A

Blastocyst
Ciliary action

146
Q

6th day

A

100 cells

147
Q

12th day

A

Implantation is complete and embryo is surrounded by pool of maternal blood

148
Q

Tiny finger like projections

A

Chorionic villi

149
Q

Secretes fluid in which embryo floats

A

Amnion

150
Q

Source of stem cells that give rise to blood and lymphoid cells

A

Yolk sac

151
Q

Contributes to the formation of umbilical cord

A

Allantois

152
Q

Forms most of the placenta

A

Chorion

153
Q

Differentiate into skeletal muscle and the axis skeleton

A

Somites

154
Q

Zoologist recognize ____________ of living multicellular animals

A

34 major phyla

155
Q

Survivors of about ______ that appeared 600 million years ago during ___________________ which was the most important evolution event

A

100 phyla
Cambrian explosion

156
Q

Life is organized from ________ to ______

A

Simple
Complex

157
Q

5 groups of organization

A

PROTOPLASMIC grade of organization
CELLULAR
CELL-TISSUE
TISSUE- ORGAN
ORGAN SYSTEM

158
Q

Simplest eukaryotic organisms

A

Unicellular groups

159
Q

Perform all basic functions of life within the confines of single cell like

A

Paramecium

160
Q

Form metazoan, multicellular organisms like

A

Volvox

161
Q

Cannot live alone due to division of labor

A

Cellular grade of organization

162
Q

Cells grouped together into definite patterns or layers to perform a common function

A

Tissue

163
Q

Most cells can still be scattered all around the body

A

Cell-tissue grade of organization

164
Q

Animals are called ____________ like _________& _________

A

Eumetazoans
Sponges & jellyfish

165
Q

Aggregated tissues now assembled into larger functional units

A

Organs

166
Q

Can be composed of more than one kind of tissue and have specialized functions

A

Organs

167
Q

Organization represented by flatworms

A

Tissue-organ grade of organization

168
Q

Highest level of organization and most complex animal phyla like

A

Organ-system grade of organization
Nemertean, crab, vertebrate

169
Q

Animal body plans are different in:

A

Grade of organization
Body symmetry
Number of embryonic layers
Number of body cavities

170
Q

Balance of proportions and the correspondence of size and shape

A

Symmetry

171
Q

Ball shaped, plane passing through the center and divides body unto mirrored halves, floating and rolling

A

Spherical symmetry

172
Q

Tube/vase like, divided by more than two planes, found in sponges jellyfish

A

Radial symmetry

173
Q

End of tubular body forms mouth called

A

Oral surface

174
Q

Opposite end forms basal attachment disc called

A

Aboral surface

175
Q

Variant of radial symmetry, a part that is single or paired, only two planes passing through the longitudinal axis

A

Biradial symmetry
(Sessile, ctenophores)

176
Q

Divided along the sagittal plane into two mirror portions ( right, left)

A

Bilateral symmetry

177
Q

Head region and the concentration of nervous tissues and sense organs in front area

A

Cephalization

178
Q

Head end

A

Anterior

179
Q

Tail end

A

Posterior

180
Q

Back side

A

Dorsal

181
Q

Bottom or belly side

A

Ventral

182
Q

Center/ midline of the body

A

Median

183
Q

Near the median

A

Medial

184
Q

Right and left side

A

Lateral

185
Q

Parts farther from the middle

A

Distal

186
Q

Parts nearer the middle

A

Proximal

187
Q

Divides body into dorsal and ventral

A

Frontal plane or coronal plane

188
Q

Divides body to right and left

A

Sagittal plane

189
Q

Divides the anterior and posterior

A

Transverse or cross section plane

190
Q

Internal space represented by gut cavity and fluid filled cavity coelom that cushions and protect organs

A

Body cavity

191
Q

Dependent on mesodermal pouch formation during gastrulation

A

Body cavity

192
Q

Type of body cavity: no body cavity

A

Acoelomate

193
Q

Partial body cavity

A

Pseudocoelomate

194
Q

True body cavity

A

Coelomate

195
Q

Mesoderm forms as endodermal cells near blastopore migrate into the blastocoel

A

Protostome

196
Q

Protostome body plan: completely fill the blastocoel so no body space is formed, gut only

A

Acoelomate plan

197
Q

Mesoderm line the outer edge of the blastocoel only partially lined with mesoderm

A

Pseudocoelomate plan

198
Q

False body cavity

A

Pseudocoelom

199
Q

Mesoderm fill blastocoel and then splits to form coelom

A

Schizocoelous coelomate plan

200
Q

Deuterostome body plan: mesoderm cells from the central gut lining form pouches and expand into blastocoel

A

Enterocoelous plan

201
Q

Problem of large size

A

Less surface area

202
Q

Solution to this surface to volume size

A

Folding and invagination
Flattening of body shape

203
Q

Benefit of being large

A

Buffers against environment fluctuation
Provides protection
Less energy for moving

204
Q

Thin membrane above the egg plasma membrane

A

Vitelline envelope

Zoology Exam Part 1 (1 decks)

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