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Zoology 101 > Zoology tests 1 and 2 combined > Flashcards

Zoology tests 1 and 2 combined Flashcards

1
Q

Binomal nomenclature uses a two-part unique name assigned to idenifiy each kind of organism. The two parts of the name are the ____names.

A

Genus and species

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2
Q

Put these taxonomic categories in the order from the one that is the broadest to the one that is the most specific: D-Domain, S-Species, F-family, G-Genus, K-Kingdom, O-order, P-Phylum, C-Class.

A

DKPCOFGS

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3
Q

A cell with a membrane-bound nucleus, containing DNA in organized structures called chromosomes is said to be

A

Eukaryotic

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4
Q

An Organelle that is used for storage and internal transport, serves as a site for attachment of ribosomes, and makes steroids, is the

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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5
Q

The surface to volume ratio of a cell limits?

A

The size a cell may reach

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6
Q

The fluid Mosaic Model of membrane structures was developed by?

A

Singer and Nicolson

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7
Q

The “cell coat”, made of surface carbohydrates and portions of proteins, is called the?

A

Glycocalyx

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8
Q

When molecules bind temporarily with a carrier protein in a cell’s membrane and move across the membrane from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration is known as

A

Facilitated diffusion

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9
Q

The form of transport involved when blood pressure forces water and small dissolved molecules into kidney tubules is

A

Filtration

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10
Q

Cells placed in thsi type of solution will shrivel

A

Hypertonic

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11
Q

This carrier protein transports two molecules or ions in opposite directions

A

antiporter

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12
Q

Small hydrophilic molecules such as _____ are sometimes able to enter a cell through an aquaporin

A

Glycerol

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13
Q

Blood is considered to be a/an _____ tissue

A

Connective

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14
Q

Heart, lungs, and liver are examples of functional units called

A

Organs

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15
Q

Cytokinesis refers to

A

cytoplasmic division

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16
Q

The process by which a copy of the DNA molecule is produced is referred to as

A

replication

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17
Q

The men who proposed the ladder like structure of DNA were

A

Watson and Crick

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18
Q

What are the base pairs in DNA?

A

Adenine-thymine

Guanine-cytosine

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19
Q

The copying of the DNA message by messenger RNA is called

A

transcription

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20
Q

The linear form of RNA that is responsible for carrying a set of genetic instructions onto the cytoplasm is

A

mRNA

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21
Q

The form of RNA that carries amino acids to ribosomes and helps position them for incorporation into a polypeptide is

A

tRNA

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22
Q

Alleles are

A

alternate forms of a gene

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23
Q

In a genetic system of complete dominance, a recessive allele is expressed

A

only in the homozygous condition

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24
Q

An organism is said to be _____ if it carries to identical alleles for a certain trait

A

homozygous

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25
Q

The somatic cells of animals are normally in the _____ condition

A

diploid

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26
Q

the idea of evolution did not originate with Charles Darwin. For example, the Greek philosophers ______ believed that living organisms changed over long time periods

A

Empedocles and Aristotle

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27
Q

Jean Lamark proposed a theory of evolution involving

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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28
Q

At the beginning of his voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle, Darwin read Charles Lyell’s book

A

Principles of Geology

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29
Q

_____, Grandfather of Charles Darwin, believed in the common origin of all animals

A

Erasmus Darwin

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30
Q

Darwin found fossil remains of several extinct species in South America. He considered the fossils to be evidence that

A

The species composition of the planet had changed over time

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31
Q

In his observations of the tortoises on the Galapagos Islands, Darwin concluded that

A

Where vegetation was sparse, long necked tortoises were favored because they could reach higher to get their food

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32
Q

Darwin observed ____ in the Galapagos Islands, today they are used as a classic example to illustrate great adaptive radiation

A

finches

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33
Q

Which of the following is not a main point in Darwin’s theory?

A

All organisms have far less reproductive potential than first thought

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34
Q

____ are evidences of past life preserved in stone, coal, or other materials

A

Fossils

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35
Q

Thomas Malthus believed that poverty, war, plague, and famine result from a shortage of resources due to the human population’s potential to

A

Increase geometrically

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36
Q

Similar structures in unrelated organisms that arise through convergent evolution are called

A

Analogous structures

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37
Q

Pelvic bones in whales are examples of

A

Vestigal structures

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38
Q

A group of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area at the same time and share a common set of genes is the definition of a/an

A

population

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39
Q

Two assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem are that

A
  1. Mating within the population is random

2. Mutations must not occur or a mutational equilibrium must exist

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40
Q

_____ selection may occur when a phenotype at one extreme of a distribution is at a disadvantage

A

Directional

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41
Q

When individuals of an intermediate phenotype are at a relative disadvantage within the population, _____ selection is occurring

A

Disruptive

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42
Q

A form of natural selection that occurs when both phenotypic extremes are selected against is _____ selection

A

Stabilizing

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43
Q

When chance events influence the frequency of alleles within a population, ____ has occurred

A

genetic drift

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44
Q

Mutations of an organism’s DNA are

A

Sometimes silent and carried through generations with no ill effects

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45
Q

In a human population carrying the gene for sickle-cell anemia, and exposed to malaria, several genotypes persist in a

A

Balanced polymorphism

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46
Q

The biological definition of a ____ is a group of populations in which genes are actually, or potentially, exchanged through interbreeding

A

Species

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47
Q

Because they must ingest other organisms to supply their energy needs animals are categorized as

A

hetertrophs

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48
Q

In a parasitic relationship, the ____ host is the host that harbors the sexual stage of the parasite

A

Definitive

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49
Q

All populations living in an area make up a/an

A

Community

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50
Q

Members of the kingon animalia may be distinguished from kingdom plantae because

A

animal cells lack cell walls

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51
Q

Similar characteristics between animals that are the result of common ancestry are called

A

homologies

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52
Q

The back (usually upper) surface of a bilateral animal is

A

dorsal

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53
Q

In diploblastic organisms, the two tissue layers are

A

Ectoderm and endoderm

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54
Q

Because protist groups cannot be drawn back to a single common ancestor, the group is considered to be

A

polyphyletic

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55
Q

In some protists, food may be ingested in a special region, the

A

Cytopharynx

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56
Q

The common means of sexual reproduction among ciliated protists is

A

Conjugation

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57
Q

Red-tides are caused by

A

Dinoflagellates

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58
Q

The protozoan Trypanosoma brucei is the causal organism of the disease

A

African sleeping sickness

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59
Q

The white cliffs of Dover are an example of a/an ____ chalk deposit

A

Foraminiferan

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60
Q

In the ciliates, one or more _____ serve as the genetic reserve of the cell

A

Micronuclei

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61
Q

One proposed mechanism for the evolution of multicellularity involves an ancenstral multinucleate cell in which plasma membranes formed between nuclei, resulting in a multicellular organism. This proposed mechanism is referred to as the _____ hypothesis

A

Synctial

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62
Q

Just underneath the pinacocyte layer of a sponge is a jellylike layer referred to as the

A

mesohyl

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63
Q

The collar of a choanocyte

A

Filters food from the water

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64
Q

The single large opening at the top of the spongocoel is the

A

Osculum

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65
Q

Which of the following would NOT be found in the body of a sponge?

A

Colloblasts

Ameboid cells, choanocytes, pinacocytes and spicules are all found within the body of a sponge

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66
Q

Ctenophores move via bands of cilia called

A

Comb rows

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67
Q

Members of class ____ are those historically used as commercial sponges

A

Demospongiae

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68
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of animals in the phylum Cnidaria?

a) Diploblastic, tissue level organization
b) Gastrovascular cavity
c) nervous system in the form of a nerve net
d) Bilateral symmetry in the adult form
e) Specialized cells called cnidocytes

A

Bilaterial symmetry in the adult form

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69
Q

The ____ body form of a cnidarian is typically asexual and sessile

A

Polyp

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70
Q

The Portuguese man-of-war is a colonial

A

Hydrozoan

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71
Q

Members of this cnidarians class include the sea anemones and coral

A

Anthozoa

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72
Q

Members of the phylum Ctenophora are commonly called

A

Comb jellies

73
Q

Most turbellarian species

A

Are freshwater predators and scavengers

74
Q

Among the flatworms, when a digestive tract is present, it has

A

A single opening, the mouth

75
Q

______ are rodlike cells of the turbellarian epidermis that swell and form a protective mucous sheath around the body

A

Rhabdites

76
Q

In larger species of turbellarians, the highly branched digestive cavity partially compensates for the

A

absence of a circulatory system

77
Q

The osmoregulatory organs of turbellarians are called

A

protonephridia

78
Q

The flame cell system and protonephridia of freshwater turbellarians primarily serve to remove ____ from the body

A

Excess water

79
Q

In turbellarians, the nervous tissue is concentrated anteriorly in clusters of neuron cell bodies called

A

Ganglia

80
Q

Molluscs are

A

Lophotrochozoans

81
Q

The body of molluscs is divided into two main regions called the

A

head-food and visceral mass

82
Q

The shell of a mollusc is secreted by the

A

Mantle

83
Q

The inner layer of the mollusc shell is the ____ layer

A

Nacreous

84
Q

The space between the mantle and food in a mollusc is called the

A

Mantle cavity

85
Q

The rasping structure occurring in the mouth of most molluscs is the

A

Radula

86
Q

The 180 degree counterclockwise twisting of the visceral mass, mantle, and mantle cavity of the gastropods is called

A

Torsion

87
Q

In gastropods, food is trapped in mucus and incorporated into a rotating mucoid mass called the _____ which extends to the stomach

A

Protostyle

88
Q

The class of molluscs that contains the most species is the class

A

Gastropods

89
Q

Which of the following is not a member of the class Bivalvia?

Clams, mussels, oysters, chitons, scallops

A

Chitons

90
Q

The oldest part of the bivalve shell is the

A

Umbo

91
Q

The adaptation of bivalves to sedentary filter feeding life-styles involved loss of the _____ and the radula

A

head

92
Q

In the bivalves, gas exchange takes place through the

A

Gills

93
Q

The most complex molluscs belong to the class

A

Cephalopoda

94
Q

The only living cephalopods that possess an external shell are the

A

nautiloids

95
Q

Unlike other molluscs, the ____ have a closed circulatory system

A

Cephalopods

96
Q

Cephalopods typically located prey by

A

Sight

97
Q

Pigment cells of cephalopods are called

A

Chromatophores

98
Q

Chitons belong to the molluscan class

A

Polyplacophora

99
Q

The tentacle of male cephalopods that is modified for spermatophore transfer is the

A

Hectocotylus

100
Q

Which of the following phyla of animals is not considered lophotrochozoan

Annelida, Mollusca, Nemertea, Arthropoda, Platyhelminthes

A

Arthropoda

101
Q

_____ Is the segmental arrangement of body parts

A

Metamerism

102
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the phylum Annelida

Body with metameric segments, chitinous exoskeleton, closed circulatory system, ventral ganglionated nerve cords, excretion by metanephridia or protonephridia

A

Chitinous exoskeleton

103
Q

Some segmented animals have groups of segments specialized for particular functions. The process of forming distinct body regions is called

A

Tagmatization

104
Q

A feature that does NOT characterize annelids is

A ventral nerve cord, bilateral symmetry, a complete digestive tract, an acoelomatic condition, triploblastic organization

A

An acoelomatic condition

105
Q

Polychaetes are distinguished by lateral extensions of the body called

A

Parapodia

106
Q

Polychaetes have a _____ circulatory system

A

Closed

107
Q

Every polychaete body compartment has a ____ ganglion which aids in coordination of swimming and crawling.

A

Segmental

108
Q

The _____ are unusual parts of the annelid nervous system responsible for rapid movements such as escape reactions

A

Giant fibers

109
Q

The two annelid subclasses containing the earthworms and the leeches have now been united into the class

A

Clitellata

110
Q

The girdle-like structure used for mucus secretion during copulation in oligochaetes is the

A

Clitellum

111
Q

Clitellate reproduction may be characterized by

A

Reciprocal sperm transfer

112
Q

Leeches belong to the annelid subclass

A

Hirudinea

113
Q

The superficial external rings on a leech are called

A

Annuli

114
Q

Leeches typically lack

A

Setae

115
Q

The anticoagulant secreted by leech salivary glands is

A

Hirudin

116
Q

Over the last several thousand years, leeches have been utilized by humans

A

To remove blood from the body

117
Q

Leeches become _____ when searching for food

A

Positively phototactic

118
Q

Of the following features characteristic of oligochaetes, which is LACKING in polychaetes?

Coelom, spiral cleavage, setae, triploblastic development, clitellum

A

Clitellum

119
Q

Which of the characters below is not a feature of leeches

Hypodermic impregnation, asexual reproduction, reciprocal sperm transfer, sexually reproductive, production of a cocoon

A

Asexual reproduction

120
Q

Ecdysozoan animals

A

Molt their cuticle

121
Q

_____ is a condition in which cells or the nuclei in syncytia are constant in number for the entire animal, and for a given organ for all members of the species

A

Eutely

122
Q

The osmoregulatory organs of MOST aschelminths are

A

Renettes

123
Q

The aschelminths are the first animal group discussed so far to posses a thin, tough outer covering called the

A

Cuticle

124
Q

The process of shedding the outer body covering is called

A

Ecdysis

125
Q

The haploid mictic eggs of some rotifers, if not fertilized, develop parthenogenetically into

A

Males

126
Q

Rotifers derive their name from a characteristic ciliated structure called the _____ located on the head

A

Corona

127
Q

The rotifer pharynx contains a unique muscular structure called the _____ in which food is ground and macerated

A

Mastax

128
Q

Rotifers and other aschelminths exchange respiratory gasses

A

across the body surface

129
Q

In rotifers, two different kinds of eggs are produced. These are _____ and _____ eggs.

A

Mictic, amictic

130
Q

In the rotifer class Bdelloidea, all females are _____, producing diploid eggs that hatch into diploid females

A

Parthenogenetic

131
Q

In the rotifer class _____, amicitic eggs develop exclusively by parthenogenesis

A

Bdelloidea

132
Q

The wide distribution of rotifers in lakes can be attributed to

A
  • resting eggs which can withstand adverse conditions
  • The distribution of eggs by wind
  • the distribution of eggs by the feet of waterfowl
  • ability to reproduce parthenogenetically
133
Q

The nematodes are commonly known as

A

Roundworms

134
Q

Structures that function in chemoreception and are found at the anterior and posterior ends of nematodes are the

A

Amphids and phasmids

135
Q

The pinworm, enterobius vermicularis, commonly infests humans when

A

eggs containing infective larvae are consumed

136
Q

One method of avoiding infection by Trichinella spiralis is to

A

Cook pork thoroughly before eating it

137
Q

A human condition caused by filarial worms is called

A

Elephantiasis

138
Q

A filarial worm which infects dogs, particular common in the United States, is

A

Heartworm

139
Q

Members of class _____ are among the most numerous crustaceans, and are both marine and freshwater in distribution

A

Malacostraca

140
Q

The _____ is the outer layer of the arthropod exoskeleton, and it is composed of a waterproofing waxy lipoprotein

A

Epicuticle

141
Q

The tough, leathery polysaccharide in the arthopod procuticle is

A

Chitin

142
Q

The arthropod skeleton hardens by _____, which is a formation of chemical bonds between protein chains

A

Sclerotization

143
Q

The arthropod exoskeleton must be shed to allow growth. This shedding process is called

A

Ecdysis

144
Q

The extinct arthropod subphylum Trilobitomorpha was named for

A

The three longitudinal body divisions

145
Q

Appendages of trilobites were divided into two lobes, hence they are called

A

Biramous

146
Q

Horseshoe crabs belong to the arthropod

A

Chelicerata

147
Q

Gas exchange between the blood of horseshoe crabs and seawater occurs through

A

Book gills

148
Q

Spiders, ticks, and scorpions belong to the arthropod class

A

Arachnida

149
Q

While aquatic arachnids utilize coxal glands for excretion, most terrestrial forms use _____ which conserve water

A

Malpighian tubules

150
Q

Many arachnids utilize _____ for respiration, which are believed to be modifications of book gills

A

Book lungs

151
Q

Many spiders produce _____, that are used to trap small arthropods on which they feed

A

Webs

152
Q

Daddy longlegs belong to the arachnid order

A

Opiliones

153
Q

Sea spiders belong to the class

A

Pycnogonida

154
Q

Crustaceans are unique among living arthropods as they possess

A

Two pairs of antennae

155
Q

The portion of the crustacean exoskeleton that covers the cephalothorax is the

A

Carapace

156
Q

The crustacean abdnomal appendages that are used for swimming are called

A

Pleopods

157
Q

The biramous appendages of the crayfish are based on a similar ancestral pattern. This, and the sequential development of the segments makes them

A

Serially homologous

158
Q

Crustaceans have _____, which are sensory structures to provide information regarding gravitational orientation, movement, and vibrations

A

Statocysts

159
Q

The antennal or green glands of crayfish function in

A

Excretion

160
Q

Brine shrimp and fairy shrimp are classified in the crustacean class

A

Branchiopoda

161
Q

Terrestrial crustaceans are quite rare, but terrestrial pill bugs belong to the order

A

Isopoda

162
Q

Barnacles belong to the

A

Cirripedia

163
Q

Adult barnacles are unusual in lifestyle because they are

A

Sessile

164
Q

Crayfish, lobsters, and shrimps belong to the order

A

Decapoda

165
Q

Millipedes belong to the arthropod class

A

Diplopoda

166
Q

A repellent called _____ is produced by the repugnatorial glands of millipedes

A

Hyrodgen cyanide

167
Q

Centipedes belong to the subphylum

A

Myriapoda

168
Q

The legs and wings of insects are attached to the

A

Thorax

169
Q

Synchronous flight may be characterized by

A

each wing beat being the result of one nervous impulse

170
Q

The external openings of the respiratory system of insects are

A

Spiracles

171
Q

Insects in which the larvae appear to be exact miniatures of the adults exhibit _____ metamorphosis

A

Hemimetabolous

172
Q

Immature stages of aquatic insects with hemimetabolous metamorphosis are called

A

Naiads

173
Q

Which of the following groups is holometabolous

A

Butterflies

174
Q

Dragonflies and damselflies belong to the order

A

Odonata

175
Q

Beetles have hardened, protective forewings called

A

Elytra

176
Q

Insects in this order are characterized by having a single pair of wings on their mesothorax

A

Diptera

177
Q

There are more species of insects in this order than in any other order

A

Coleoptera

178
Q

Butterflies and moths belong to the insect order

A

Lepidoptera

179
Q

Bees, ants, and wasps belong to the insect order

A

Hymenoptera

Zoology 101 (1 decks)

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