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cgp gcse chem

This class was created by Brainscape user Verity Russell. Visit their profile to learn more about the creator.

By: Verity Russell
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Decks in this class (233)

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0  cards
The Three States of Matter - Solid, Liquid and Gas
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16  cards
Substances Can Change from One State to Another
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12  cards
Diffusion is the Movement of Particles Through a Liquid or Gas
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2  cards
Potassium Manganate(VII) and Water
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5  cards
Ammonia and Hydrogen Chloride
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8  cards
Bromine Gas and Air
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5  cards
The Nucleus
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5  cards
The Electrons
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8  cards
Number of Electrons Equals Number of Protons
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4  cards
Atomic Number and Mass Number Describe an Atom
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7  cards
Molecules are Groups of Atoms
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3  cards
Elements Consist of One Type of Atom Only
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4  cards
Compounds are Chemically Bonded
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6  cards
Mixtures are Easily Separated - Not Like Compounds
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6  cards
Filtration is Used to Separate an Insoluble Solid from a Liquid
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5  cards
Crystallisation is Used to Separate a Soluble Solid from a Solution
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6  cards
You Can Use Filtration and Crystallisation to Separate Rock Salt
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10  cards
You Need to Know How to Do Paper Chromatography
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9  cards
How Chromatography Separates Mixtures...
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3  cards
Chromatography Can Help You to Identify Dyes
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4  cards
Simple Distillation is Used to Separate Out Solutions
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8  cards
Fractional Distillation is Used to Separate a Mixture of Liquids
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9  cards
The Periodic Table is a Table of All Known Elements
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13  cards
Elements in a Group Have the Same Number of Outer Electrons
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6  cards
Electron Shell Rules:
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7  cards
Follow the Rules to Work Out Electronic Configurations
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2  cards
Ionic Bonding - Transfer of Electrons
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5  cards
A Shell with Just One Electron is Well Keen to Get Rid...
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4  cards
A Nearly Full Shell is Well Keen to Get That Extra Electron...
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6  cards
Groups 1, 2, 6 and 7 are Most Likely to Form Ions
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10  cards
Ionic Compounds All Form in a Similar Way
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7  cards
Giant Ionic Structures Have High Melting and Boiling Points
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7  cards
A Covalent Bond is a Shared Pair of Electrons
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5  cards
Hydrogen, H2
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4  cards
Chlorine, Cl2
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3  cards
Hydrogen Chloride, HCI
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2  cards
Ammonia, NH3
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4  cards
Nitrogen, N2
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4  cards
Water, H20
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4  cards
Oxygen, O2
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6  cards
Carbon Dioxide, CO2
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5  cards
Methane, CH4
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3  cards
Ethane, C2H6
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3  cards
Ethene, C2H4
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4  cards
Simple Molecular Substances
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6  cards
Giant Covalent Structures
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6  cards
Diamond
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5  cards
Graphite
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5  cards
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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0  cards
Equations Show the Reactants and Products of a Reaction
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7  cards
Symbol Equations Need to Be Balanced
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3  cards
Method: Balance just ONE type of atom at a time
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4  cards
Isotopes are the Same Except for an Extra Neutron or Two
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6  cards
Relative Atomic Mass Takes All Stable Isotopes into Account
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8  cards
Relative Formula Mass, Mr
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3  cards
Finding the Empirical Formula (from Masses of Percentages)
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7  cards
The Empirical Formula isn’t Always the Same as the Molecular Formula
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4  cards
The Three Important Steps - Not to be Missed...
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7  cards
Percentage Yield Compares Actual and Theoretical Yield
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7  cards
‘The Mole’ is Simply the Name Given to a Certain Number
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6  cards
Nice Easy Formula for Finding the Number of Moles in a Given Mass:
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1  cards
Salts Can be Anhydrous or Hydrated
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6  cards
You Can Calculate How Much Water of Crystallisation a Salt Contains
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5  cards
Avogadro’s Law - One Mole of Any Gas Occupies 24 dm3
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5  cards
You Can Calculate Volumes in Reactions If You Know the Masses
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3  cards
Concentration is the ‘Amount of Stuff’ per Unit Volume
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4  cards
Concentration = No. of Moles / Volume
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2  cards
Converting Moles per dm3 to Grams per dm3
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3  cards
Electric Current is a Flow of Electrons or Ions
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4  cards
Ionic Compounds Only Conduct Electricity when Molten or in Solution
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5  cards
Covalent Compounds Don't Conduct Electricity
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3  cards
Metals are Held Together by Metallic Bonding
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3  cards
Metals are Good Conductors of Electricity and Heat
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1  cards
Most Metals are Malleable
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2  cards
Electrolysis is Used to Make New Substances
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7  cards
Electrolytes are Liquids that Conduct Electricity
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4  cards
In Molten Ionic Compounds There’s Only One Source of Ions
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15  cards
Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions is a Bit More Complicated
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5  cards
Sulfuric Acid:
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8  cards
Sodium Chloride:
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8  cards
Copper(III) Sulfate:
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8  cards
No. Of Electrons Transferred Increases with Time and Current
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3  cards
Coulombs and Faradays are Amounts of Electricity
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4  cards
One Mole of Product Needs ‘n’ Moles of Electrons
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4  cards
Use These Steps in Calculations
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5  cards
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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0  cards
Periods
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3  cards
Groups
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5  cards
The Elements can be Classified as Metals or Non-Metals
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9  cards
Group 0 Elements are All Inert, Colourless Gases
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5  cards
Group 1 Elements All React in a Similar Way with Water
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8  cards
Group 1 Elements Become More Reactive Down the Group
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8  cards
Atoms Lose Electrons More Easily Down the Group
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5  cards
Halogen - Seven Letters - Group 7
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8  cards
Hydrogen Chloride Gas Dissociates in Water...
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6  cards
...but Not in Methylbenzene
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3  cards
More Reactive Halogens will Displace Less Reactive Ones
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11  cards
Halogen Displacement Reactions Involve Transfer of Electrons
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8  cards
Acid + Metal -> Salt + Hydrogen
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9  cards
The Name of the Salt Depends on the Metal and Acid Used
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5  cards
Metals Also React with Water
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6  cards
The Reactivity Series - How Well a Metal Reacts
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5  cards
A More Reactive Metal Displaces a Less Reactive Metal
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8  cards
Iron and Steel Corrode to Make Rust
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5  cards
There are Two Main Ways to Prevent Rusting
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6  cards
The Atmosphere is Mostly Nitrogen and Oxygen
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1  cards
You can Investigate the Proportion of Oxygen in the Atmosphere Using Copper
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7  cards
You can Investigate the Proportion of Oxygen in the Atmosphere Using Iron or Phosphorus
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11  cards
You Can Make O2 in the Lab
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10  cards
When you Burn Something it Reacts with Oxygen in Air
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3  cards
Magnesium
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4  cards
Carbon
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5  cards
Sulfur
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5  cards
You Can Collect Gases in a Test Tube
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7  cards
Dilute Acid reacts with Calcium Carbonate to Produce Carbon Dioxide
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5  cards
The Thermal Decomposition of Metal Carbonates Also Produces CO2
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7  cards
CO2 is used in Fizzy Drinks and Fire Extinguishers
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10  cards
Carbon Dioxide is a Greenhouse Gas
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5  cards
Increasing Carbon Dioxide is Linked to Climate Change
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3  cards
Flame Tests Identify Metals Ions
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7  cards
Some Metals Form a Coloured Precipitate with NaOH
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7  cards
‘Ammonium Compound + NaOH’ Gives off (Stinky) Ammonia
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6  cards
Hydrochloric Acid Can Help Detect Carbonates
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6  cards
Test for Sulfates with HCI and Barium Chloride
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5  cards
Test for Halides (Cl-, Brx, l-) with Nitric Acid and Silver Nitrate
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9  cards
There are Tests for 5 Common Gases
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5  cards
Wet Copper(II) Sulfate is Blue - Dry Copper(II) Sulfate is White
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9  cards
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0  cards
Alkanes are Hydrocarbons
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4  cards
MethAne Formula: CH4
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1  cards
EthAne Formula: C2H6
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1  cards
PropAne Formula: C3H8
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1  cards
ButAne Formula: C4H10
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1  cards
PentAne Formula: C5H12
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1  cards
Alkanes are a Homologous Series
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8  cards
Complete Combustion Happens When There’s Plenty of Oxygen
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4  cards
Incomplete Combustion of Alkanes is NOT Safe
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5  cards
Halogens React with Alkanes to make Haloalkanes
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5  cards
Alkenes Have a C=C Double Bond
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4  cards
EthEne Formula: C2H4
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1  cards
PropEne Formula: C3H6
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1  cards
ButEne Formula: C4H8
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4  cards
Halogens React with Alkanes, Forming Haloalkanes
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8  cards
Ethanol Can Be Produced from Ethene and Steam
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8  cards
Ethanol Can Also be Produced by Fermentation
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5  cards
Both Methods have Advantages and Disadvantages...
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8  cards
Ethanol can be Dehydrated to Form Ethene
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5  cards
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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0  cards
The pH Scale Goes from 0 to 14
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8  cards
An Indicator is Just a Dye That Changes Colour
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6  cards
Acids can be Neutralised by Bases (or Alkalis)
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7  cards
Acids react with Metal Oxides to make Salt + Water...
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9  cards
... and with Metal Carbonates to give Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
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5  cards
Salts can be Soluble or Insoluble
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6  cards
Making Soluble Salts Using Acids and Insoluble Bases
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6  cards
Making Soluble Salts Using an Alkali
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5  cards
Making Insoluble Salts - Precipitation Reactions
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3  cards
Titrations are Used to Find about Concentrations
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13  cards
The Calculation - Work Out the Number of Moles
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4  cards
Reactions Can Go at All Sorts of Different Rates
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3  cards
The Rate of a Reaction Depends on Four Things:
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4  cards
Typical Graphs for Rate of Reaction
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8  cards
Three Ways to Measure the Speed of a Reaction
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3  cards
Precipitation
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5  cards
Change in Mass (Usually Gas Given Off)
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6  cards
The Volume of Gas Given Off
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5  cards
Reaction of Hydrochloric Acid and Marble Chips
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7  cards
This graph shows the effect of using finer particles of solid
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4  cards
Reaction of Magnesium Metal with Dilute HCl
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4  cards
This graph shows the effect of using more concentrated acid solutions
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7  cards
Sodium Thiosulfate and HCl Produce a Cloudy Precipitate
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12  cards
The Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide
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9  cards
More Collisions Increases the Rate of Reaction
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2  cards
Higher Temperatures
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2  cards
Higher Concentration (or PRESSURE)
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3  cards
Larger Surface Area
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2  cards
Catalysts
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2  cards
Faster Collisions Increase the Rate of Reaction
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6  cards
Energy Must Always be Supplied to Break Bonds
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3  cards
In an Exothermic Reaction, Energy is Given Out
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2  cards
In an Endothermic Reaction, Energy is Taken In
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2  cards
The Change in Energy is Called the Enthalpy Change
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6  cards
Energy Level Diagrams Show if it’s Exo- or Endo- thermic
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12  cards
The Activation Energy is Lowered by Catalysts
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5  cards
Bond Energy - The Amount of Energy in a Bond
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5  cards
Example: The Formation of HCl
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3  cards
You can find out Enthalpy Changes using Calorimetry
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1  cards
Calorimetry - Dissolving, Displacement and Neutralisation Reactions
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5  cards
Calorimetry - Combustion
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11  cards
Calculate the Heat Energy Transferred
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5  cards
Calculate the Molar Enthalpy Change
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4  cards
Reversible Reaction
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6  cards
Reversible Reactions Will Reach Dynamic Equilibrium
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6  cards
Changing Temperature and Pressure Can Get You More Product
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8  cards
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0  cards
Most Metals are Found in Ores
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6  cards
Metals Often have to be Separated from their Oxides
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5  cards
Methods of Extraction and Linked to the Order of Reactivity
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8  cards
Electrolysis Removes Aluminium from Its Ore
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4  cards
Cryolite is Used to Lower the Temperature (and Costs)
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5  cards
Electrolysis - Turning IONS into the Atoms You Want
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8  cards
Electrolysis is Expensive - It’s All That Electricity...
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3  cards
The Raw Materials are Iron Ore, Coke and Limestone
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3  cards
Reducing the Iron Ore to Iron:
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6  cards
Removing the Impurities:
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5  cards
Iron and Aluminium have some Properties in Common
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5  cards
The Uses of Iron Depend on Its Properties
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7  cards
And so do the Uses of Aluminium
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5  cards
Crude Oil is Separated into Different Hydrocarbon Fractions
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19  cards
Burning Fuels Can Produce Pollutants
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2  cards
Carbon Monoxide is Produced by Incomplete Combustion
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3  cards
Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides Come from Burning Fuel
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4  cards
Acid Rain is Caused by Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides
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12  cards
Cracking - Splitting Up Long-Chain Hydrocarbons
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7  cards
Conditions for Cracking: Heat, Plus a Catalyst
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10  cards
Addition Polymers are Made Under High Pressure
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3  cards
Polymers can be Shown Using Repeating Units
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7  cards
Polymers can be Made by Condensation Polymerisation
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5  cards
Polymers Have Lots of Uses
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6  cards
Most Polymers are Hard to Get Rid Of
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5  cards
Nitrogen and Hydrogen are Needed to Make Ammonia
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6  cards
The Reaction is Reversible, So There’s a Compromise to be Made:
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10  cards
Ammonia is Used to Make Nitric Acid and Ammonium Nitrate Fertiliser
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6  cards
The Contact Process is Used to Make Sulfuric Acid
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4  cards
A Catalyst is Important When Making SO3
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1  cards
Modern Industry Uses Loads of Sulfuric Acid
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4  cards
Electrolysis of Salt gives Hydrogen, Chlorine and NaOH
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6  cards
The Half-Equations - Make Sure the Electrons Balance
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3  cards
Chlorine
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2  cards
Sodium Hydroxide
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3  cards
Hydrogen
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2  cards
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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0  cards

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