نظري

Question 1

grow in very salty water. Aerobic, can be autotrophic

Answer 1

Halophiles

Question 2

growth in very hot temperature, e.g. hot springs,
anaerobes

Answer 2

Thermophiles

Question 3

Gram Staining, Shapes, arrangements, motility

Answer 3

Microscopic morphology

Question 4

colony appearance, motility

Answer 4

Macroscopic morphology

Question 5

aerobic, anaerobic, photosynthetic, growth on selective media

Answer 5

Physiological / biochemical characteristics

Question 6

e.g.peptides and lipids in cell membranes

Answer 6

Chemical analysis

Question 7

which phage infects the bacterium

Answer 7

Phage Typing

Question 8

what antibodies are produced
against the bacterium

Answer 8

Serological analysis

Question 9

what diseases does the bacterium cause.

Answer 9

Pathogenicity

Question 10

G + C base composition
DNA analysis using genetic probes Nucleic acid sequencing & rRNA analysis

Answer 10

Genetic & molecular analysis

Question 11

anaerobes, produce methane as waste product, sewage, landfills, swamps

Answer 11

Methanogens

Question 12

Are prokaryotes
Can be autotrophs and heterotrophs

Answer 12

Eubacteria

Question 13

require oxygen to grow (mycobacteria)

Answer 13

obligate aerobes

Question 14

only grow in absence of oxygen (clostridium tetanus)

Answer 14

obligate anaerobes:

Question 15

can grow in oxygen and without oxygen (Enterobacteriaceae)

Answer 15

facultative anaerobes:

Question 16

require low concentrations of oxygen E.g. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Answer 16

microaerophilic aerobes (microaerophiles):

Question 17

grows better in absence of oxygen

Answer 17

aerotolerant anaerobes:

Question 18

– contains bile
– selects for the Enterobacteriaceae

Answer 18

MacConkey agar:

Question 19

– contains colistin and nalidixic acid
– selects for Staphylococci and Streptococci.

Answer 19

CAN blood agar:

Question 20

Selective media:
Sodium azide

Answer 20

selects for gram-positive bacteria over gram-negative bacteria
-Bile salts (eg, sodium deoxycholate)—

Question 21

Acute illness due to the presence of pathogens or their toxins in the blood

Answer 21

Septicemia

Question 22

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS

Answer 22

Sepsis

Question 23

Inflamed lymph vessels

Answer 23

Lymphangitis

Question 24

Decreased blood pressure and dysfunction of at least one organ

Answer 24

Severe sepsis

Question 25

Sepsis and uncontrollable decreased blood pressure

Answer 25

Septic Shock

Question 26

Klebsiella spp., E.coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are most frequently involved

Answer 26

Gram-Negative Sepsis

Question 27

Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis

Answer 27

Gram-Positive Sepsis

Question 28

-Autoimmune complication of S. pyogenes infections -Inflammation of the heart valves -Immune reaction against Streptococcal M protein -Subcutaneous nodules at the joints

Answer 28

Rheumatic Fever

Question 29

Caused by Bacillus anthracis

Answer 29

Anthrax

Question 30

• Gram-positive endospores-forming aerobic rod

Answer 30

Bacillus anthracis

Question 31

binds the toxins to target cells, permitting their entry

Answer 31

Protective antigen:

Question 32

causes local swelling and interferes with phagocytosis

Answer 32

Edema toxin:

Question 33

targets and kills macrophages

Answer 33

Lethal toxin:

Question 34

Endospores enter through a minor cut 20% mortaility rate without treatment

Answer 34

Cutaneous anthrax

Question 35

• Ingestion of undercooked, contaminated food • >50% mortality rate

Answer 35

Gastrointestinal anthrax

Question 36

• Inhalation of endospores • Bacteria enter the bloodstream; progresses into septic shock • Near 100% mortality rate

Answer 36

Inhalational (pulmonary) anthrax

Question 37

Vaccination of livestock

Answer 37

Anthrax

Question 38

loss of blood supply

Answer 38

Ischemia

Question 39

death of tissue

Answer 39

Necrosis

Question 40

death of soft tissue

Answer 40

Gangrene

Question 41

Caused by Clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive, endospores-forming anaerobic rod

Answer 41

Ø Gas gangrene

Question 42

Caused by Yersinia pestis

Answer 42

Plague

Question 43

Transmitted by the rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)

Answer 43

Plague

Question 44

Endemic to rats, ground squirrels, and prairie dogs

Answer 44

Plague

Question 45

Flea bites the host and ingested blood is regurgitated into the host. Cause intense swellings called buboes

Answer 45

Plague

Question 46

Bacterial growth in the blood and lymph • Most common from 50-75% mortality rate

Answer 46

Bubonic plague

Question 47

• Septic shock due to bacteria in the blood

Answer 47

Septicemic plague

Question 48

• Bacteria in the lungs. • Easily spread by airborne droplets • Near 100% mortality rate Ø Antibiotic prophylaxis for exposure.

Answer 48

Pneumonic plague

Question 49

Most prevalent STD in the world

Answer 49

Gonorrhea

Question 50

Gram (-) diplococci, Neisseria gonorrhea

Answer 50

Gonorrhea

Question 51

Virulent strains have pili (fimbrae) for attachment, and outer membrane proteins and lipids help the bacteria escape phagocytosis

Answer 51

Gonorrhea

Question 52

Purulent (pus forming) urethritis in males – painful urination often called the “clap” old std films in the services

Answer 52

Gonorrhea

Question 53

causative agent – Treponema pallidum,

Answer 53

Syphilis

Question 54

causes ؟ Urinary Tract Infection

Answer 54

E. coli usually normal flora,

Question 55

UTI infections Production is key factor is this infection

Answer 55

Biofilm