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Therio Midterm Yr2 > 🐮🐄🐃🐂 > Flashcards

🐮🐄🐃🐂 Flashcards

1
Q

Breeding programs need to integrate

A

Theriogenology and Herd Health or Proventive Medicine

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2
Q

4 reproductive indices determine the efficiency of the dairy herd

A

1) VWP
2) estrous detection
3) conception rate
4) pregnancy loss

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3
Q

Pregnancy rate =

A

cows pregnant / # cows eligible to become pregnant in 21days

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4
Q

Why do we have VWP and how long is it?

A

Cow needs to return to its Pregravid state

1) uterine involution: reduces in size and re-epithilization of inter carbuncular endometrium
2) early onset of ovarian cyclicity for the resolution of uterine infections
3) recover from negative energy balance
- -> completed by 42days pp (or 4 weeks) but ideal is 70-80days pp

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5
Q

Synchronization of Estrus

A
  • give PGF2 at day 14 and AI them at days 16-21

- PGF2 regresses CL, we only want CL after they become pregnant

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6
Q

OvSynch TAI Protocol

A
  • give PGF2 at day 7

- give GnRH at day 9 (to ensure ovulation) and AI them after 16hrs

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7
Q

How many cows get pregnant after first breeding attempt?

A

55-75%

-> detect and breed rest of them as soon as possible

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8
Q

Pregnancy detection (cow)

A
  • per rectum: 33-35 days
  • ultrasound: 26-28days
  • pregnancy specific protein B: 30days
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9
Q

Pregnancy Loss (cow)

A
  • early embryonic death occurs before day 17 and is the largest degree of pregnancy loss
  • late embryonic loss occurs from day 17-42
  • abortion refers to loss after day 42 of gestation
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10
Q

Female Infertility (cow)

A

-sign, not a condition
-non infectious:
>anestrus: failure to detect (human error) or exhibit estrus (cow problem)
>true anestrus = follicle develops but fails so ovulate

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11
Q

What is the primary sign of estrus

A

Standing to be mounted

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12
Q

Checking for estrus (cow)

A
  • boring
  • needs to be done 2x day ideally
  • can use the help of heat detection aids (pressure activated, tail chalk, collars, pedometer) or synchronization of estrus
  • activity monitors keep track of laying time, rumination, laying bouts.
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13
Q

Normal follicle growth

A
  • FSH recruits follicles
  • selection of dominant follicle
  • insulin and IGF1 from the liver together with LH pulses stimulate follicle to become preovulatory
  • preovulatory follicle stimulates estradiol to give positive GnRH feedback -> more LH
  • LH surge causes ovulation
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14
Q

Is there ovulation during negative energy balance ?

A

no !

-FSH is released but no LH is present (or is very low) so the follicle cannot grow

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15
Q

Cystic Follicular Degeneration

A

Failure of LH surge to occur: lack of progesterone priming of LH surge center in hypothalamus, low estrogen secretion from the developing follicle

  • signs: frequent estrus, irregular estrus, or ANESTRUS (most common)
  • diagnosis: anovulatory follicle, no CL, lack of uterine tone, flaccid uterus
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16
Q

Follicular and Luteal Cysts

A
  • feel about the same in palpation
  • luteal is due to no lutenization
  • follicular is due to not enough LH to cause ovulation
  • Treatment: NOT MANUAL RUPTURE, GnRH, PGF2 for luteal cysts, times AI
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17
Q

What is the most common ovarian tumor? (cow)

A

granulosa cell tumor

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18
Q

pyometra (cow)

A

infection of the uterus

-treat with PGF2

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19
Q

segmental aplasia

A

one horn is missing, but it still has ovaries so CL cannot regress
-treat with unilateral ovariectomy

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20
Q

natural service herd is dependent on:

A

healthy, breeding sound bulls

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21
Q

things to consider for bull selection

A
  • 1 bull/25cows
  • age, breed, type
  • buy virgin bulls (better) at least 60days before breeding season
  • good to breed at 15m
  • give them time to adjust to ration and be quarantined
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22
Q

requirements for picking a bull

A
  • physically sound + good health
  • functional repro system
  • strong libido and fertile spermatozoa
  • free of venereal diseases
23
Q

what has been observed in herds that introduced BSE?

A

5-10% increase in pregnancy percentages

24
Q

BSE

A

1) identification / history
2) physical exam + body condition
3) reproductive examination
4) collection and examination of semen

25
Q

internal genitalia that can be evaluated in bull via rectal palpation

A
  • prostate
  • seminal vesicles
  • ampulla
  • inguinal rings
26
Q

bull accessory sex organ most common for problems

A

seminal vesicles

27
Q

Seminal Vasiculitis

A
  • most common accessory sex organ disease in the bull (only one that is even frequently diagnosed)
  • diagnose via palpation and precipitate cells (WBCs) in semen
  • most common cause: mycobacterium
  • seem mostly in group housed bulls
  • become enlarged, cannot separate them during palpation, lose lobular shape
  • seminal fluid is not able to conduce viable sperm
28
Q

Fibropapilloma of the penis

A
  • common in all ages but more common finding in younger bulls
  • mostly mild (cases clear after incision)
  • just clean it
29
Q

corkscrew penis

A

-bull cant mate… poor bull

30
Q

penile hematoma

A
  • BP is high and causes a tear in corpus cavernosum

- treatment: sexual rest helps 60% of cases, if not surgery is an option

31
Q

Prolapse of the prepuce

A
  • genetic predisposition, common in Bos indicus breeds with pendulous prepuce
  • injury to prepuce with edema, SEQUEL to hematoma, congenital preputial abnormality
  • treatment: keep it clean and can use a sling
32
Q

scrotal circumference

A
  • scrotal size, circumference, and sperm production are correlated in bulls up to 3 years of age
  • has nothing to do with testosterone production
  • larger testicle = less likely hypoplasia and more semen produced
33
Q

Benefits of using bulls with larger scrotal circumference

A
  • earlier puberty in daughters and sons
  • reduce probability of hypoplasia or degeneration
  • in litter bearing animals : daughters will have more active ovaries
34
Q

Min recommended threshold for sperm morphology

A

70%

35
Q

Min recommended threshold for sperm motility

A

30%

36
Q

Segmental aplasia of mitochondrial sheath in sperm

A
  • caused by gossipol in cottonseed
  • effects motility
  • looks moth eaten
  • on middle piece (duh where mitochondria is)
37
Q

primary sperm defects

A

occurs in the seminiferous tubules

-effects head or middle piece

38
Q

secondary sperm defects

A

occurs in the epididymis

39
Q

satisfactory bull breeding potential

A
  • sperm motility and morphology of 30 and 70% respectfully
  • good scrotal circumference for his age
  • healthy
40
Q

unsatisfactory bull breeding potential

A

below one or more thresholds

  • highly unlikely to improve
  • bulls with significant genetic faults or physical problems
41
Q

deferred bull breeding potential

A
  • based on opinion that the bull is not ok now, but most likely will improve
  • ex: heat stress in summer
42
Q

Optimize low milk production with ___ month gestation.

A

7

2 months not in parlor are during 7th and 8th months of gestation

43
Q

There is a ___ months interval from parturition to parturition

A

13

44
Q

most farms have a PR of

A

22%

45
Q

Do most cows get uterine infections post-parturition?

A

yep, 90% of them

46
Q

Do beef cows have a VWP?

A

Nope

47
Q

Beef breeding season is ___-____ days long.
Pregnancy rate is above _____ (#pregnant / # with bulls during breeding season).
Beef operations maintain a ____ month calving interval.

A

60-90 day breeding period
80% PR
12 month (1 year!) calving interval

48
Q

possible fates of dominant follicle?

A

ovulate
doesn’t ovulate
becomes cystic

49
Q

how to treat luteal cysts and pyometra?

A

Progesterone

50
Q

minimum vaccination program should include these four major viral diseases:

A

BVD (types 1 and 2)
herpesvirus
respiratory syncytial

51
Q

Pregnancy percentages increase 5-10% in herd where?

A

bulls are screened with BSEs

52
Q

which internal accessory reproductive structures can you feel on rectal exam of the bull?

A

SEMINAL VESICLES, prostate, ampulla, bulbourethral glands, inguinal rings

53
Q

Bovine Venereal Diseases?

A

Tritrichomonas foetus

Campylobacter fetus

Therio Midterm Yr2 (2 decks)

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