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geography paper 1 > . > Flashcards

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1
Q

what do tropical storms need to form

A

27 degrees sea temperatures
deep sea
low altitude

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2
Q

how do tropical storms form

A

-air over warm tropical oceans is heated this warm air rises in low pressure conditions
-as the air moves upwards it brings more air and moisture from oceans
resulting in strong winds
-coriolis effect takes place
-the evaporated moisture condenses as it moves upwards and cools
-as it cools more moisture is drawn up from below
-large clouds form and there is large volumes of rainfall
-winds move it towards land where it stops growing energy from water

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3
Q

does climate change effect tropical storms

A

-temperature increases so there is rise in sea levels which means there are higher storm surges
-temperature increases so air can hold more moisture which means there is increased rainfall and more severe floods

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4
Q

features of tropical storms

A

eye
eye wall

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5
Q

typhoon haiyan (tropical storm) primary and secondary effects

A

primary-6100 people dead , 4.1 million homeless , $12 billion damage
secondary-shortages of food and water led to disease , sewage contaminated surface and ground water

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6
Q

typhoon haiyan (tropical storm) immediate and long term responses

A

immediate-800 thousand people evacuated and 1200 centres set up to help homeless
long term-thousands of homes built away from flood prone areas and aid agencies replaced fishing boats

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7
Q

tropical storms (planning protection prediction monitoring)

A

planning-storm shelters
protection-storm shutters
prediction-hurricane prediction centres
monitoring-satellites

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8
Q

what causes weather hazards in the uk

A

depressions not passing over as normal

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9
Q

what happens because of weather hazards in the uk

A

-travel disrupted
-increased heating costs

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10
Q

weather hazards (strong winds)

A

-tail ends of hurricanes
-damage to power lines
-fallen trees

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11
Q

weather hazards (drought)

A

-extended period of low rainfall
-damages crops

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12
Q

weather hazards uk (thunderstorms)

A

-heavy rainfall and wind
-flash flood damages infrastructure

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13
Q

weather hazard uk (extreme rainfall and flooding)

A

-travel and infrastructure affected
-storm surges
-flash flood occurs

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14
Q

Beast from the east (social impacts)

A

10 people dead
thousands of schools closed
NHS cancelled all non-urgent operations

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15
Q

beast from the east (economic impacts)

A

cost the uk economy £1billion a day
transport closures impacted tourism and trade

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16
Q

beast from the east (environmental impacts)

A

-cold reduced insect population causing food shortages for birds
-extensive snowfall led to snow droughts

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17
Q

beast from the east (management)

A

-red weather warning issued by met office
-4000 snow plough/gritters cleared roads
-military provided support rescuing vehicles

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18
Q

evidence for climate change

A

-increase in global temperature
-decrease in sea ice levels
-decrease in land ice

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19
Q

effects of climate change

A

-ice melting means loss of habitats for polar bears and seals
-high levels of extinction in amazon rainforest
-increased flooding
-increase in mosquitoes meaning increase in malaria

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20
Q

natural causes of climate change

A

-sunspots
-volcanic activity
-orbital changes
-tilt of earth

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21
Q

human causes of climate change

A

fossil fuel use
agriculture
deforestation

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22
Q

what is a natural hazard

A

natural event that has a social impact

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23
Q

tectonic hazards

A

-volcanos
-tsunamis
-earthquake

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24
Q

why do people live near hazards

A

family
dont want to leave
fertile land
jobs
language barrier to moving

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25
what is climate change leading to
climate change is leading to more flooding and more extreme weather events
26
where do convection currents happen
in mantle
27
destructive plate margin
———><———
28
conservative plate margin
^ / / / / / / down
29
constructive plate margin
<———————>
30
what happens when destructive plate meet
-dense oceanic plate is subducted -as oceanic plate moves down into hot mantle it gets recycled as magma -this new magma is less fluid and can form volcanoes on the continental plate -friction between rubbing plates can lead to earthquakes
31
what happens when constructive plates meet
-plates move away from each other and magma reaches the surface and us cooked to form new rock -on land this can create a rift vallet -lava may flow long distances before cooling and forming shield volcanoes
32
Nepal (earthquake) primary and secondary effects
primary-8600 people dead , 3 million homeless , $5 billion damage secondary- landslides were triggered which blocked roads , 19 people died on mount everest due to avalanches
33
Nepal (earthquake) immediate and long term responses
immediate-India and china provided $1 billion of aid , temporary housing was provided long term- stricter building codes introduced , £73 million donated by uk
34
L,Aquila (earthquake) primary and secondary effects
primary-309 people dead , 65000 made homeless , $1.1 billion damage secondary-reduction in tourism , aftershocks triggered landslides
35
L’Aquila (earthquake) immediate and long term responses
immediate- hotels provided shelter for 10,000 people , Italian red cross was searching for survivors long term-residents did not have to pay tax in 2010 , buildings and infrastructure rebuilt
36
volcanos (planning protection prediction monitoring)
planning-evacuation plans and emergency shelters protection-explosives can be used to change direction of lava prediction-there is some advanced warning monitoring- temperature of water and gases being released and changes in local gravity
37
earthquakes (planning protection prediction)
planning-fasten down furniture and map areas to see what is affected protection-earthquake proof buildings prediction-very hard to predict
38
what affects the worlds weather
pressure belts and climate cells affect the worlds weather
39
what happens at the equator
at equator sun energy is at a 90 degree angle so there is strong heating affect
40
what happens at the poles
-the angle is lower so the same energy is spread out and has a lower heating effect
41
what causes seasonal changes
tilt of earth and rotation causes seasonal changes in the position of cells -move north in summer -move south in winter
42
where are hurricanes formed
Atlantic and eastern pacific
43
where are cyclones formed
indian ocean and south pacific
44
where do typhoons form
west of the north pacific ocean
45
climate change mitigation strategies
-international agreements- 2015 paris climate agreement -replanting trees -alternative energy sources like wind turbines and solar pannels
46
adapting to climate change
managed water supplies -desalination plants pumps in villages -irrigation system New crops -drought/pest resistant
47
reducing risk of climate change
thames barrier coastal defences homes built higher up
48
what happens in the nutrient cycle
decomposers make make the nutrients available again for living things to use
49
tropical rainforest
close to the equator low pressure high rainfall high temperature half of the worlds known species of animal and plant life
50
Deserts
north/south of the equator close to tropics if capricorn and cancer high pressure low rainfalk high day time temperature low night time temperature
51
Hard engineering (rivers)
dams and reservoirs- regulate water flow -expensive -can flood area -tourist attractions -can control downstream flooding flood relief channels -man made alternate route for river to prevent flooding straightening-speeds up flow of water to protect vulnerable areas -may lead to downstream flooding
52
soft engineering strategy (river)
flood warning - gives an advanced warning on potential flood -not everyone will listen or people dont have access to warning system planting trees-reduction in surface run off
53
banbury flood management (social)
A361 is no longer affected by flooding reducing transport disruptions for locals
54
banbury flood management (environmental)
100,000 tonnes of earth required to make embankment
55
banbury flood management (economic)
cost £18 million 440 houses protected from flooding
56
Interlocking spurs (river erosion)
river close to source cannot cut through land so it has to go around it
57
waterfalls
softer rocks are more easily eroded leading to ‘steps’
58
gorges
formed by the gradual moving backwards of a waterfall
59
oxbow lake
as meanders move the necks may end up close to each other and join up
60
Floodplains
-wide flat areas to either side of river mean very fertile soil
61
Levees
raised river bed mainly found on lower coarse of river
62
Estuary
-deposition of material mudflow salt marshes
63
Factors that affect flood risk (physical)
levels of precipitation rock type steepness of slope
64
factors that affect flood risk (human)
building on floodplains deforestation
65
what is lagtime
time between peak rainfall and peak discharge
66
base flow
normal flow of river
67
how are beaches formed
formed by deposits of sand and stone
68
what type of beach does constructive waves form
sandy
69
what type of beach does destructive waves form
pebble
70
sand dunes
form around obstacles sand deposits form embryo sane dune plants start to grow which stabilises the sane dune
71
long profile of a river
gradient of river from source to mouth volume and velocity of water increases as you go downstream
72
cross profile
goes from narrow to wider
73
fluvial process
depositing , transporting and erosion of matter by a river
74
constructive waves
low waves gentle wave front deposits large amounts of sand
75
destructive waves
storms close together spills backwash
76
cliffs collapse due to different types of weathering (physical)
freeze thaw salt water
77
cliffs collapse due to different types of weathering (chemical)
acid rain
78
cliffs collapse due to different types of weathering (biological)
plants and roots
79
hydraulic action (coastal erosion)
changes in air pressure , air is trapped and forced into joints/holes and suddenly released
80
Abrasion
sand and stones being thrown ay the cliff and happens lower down on the cliff
81
attrition
pebbles colliding with each other as they moved along smaller and rounder
82
longshore drift
if a wave hits at an angle sediment moves up at an angle but the backwash is direct to the sea leaving sand behind
83
caves-arches-stacks-stumps
hydraulic action forms caves waves make the cave longer until it becomes an arch continuous erosion of arch until it collapses creating stacks and stumps
84
layers of rainforest and what is found there
top canopy-fast growing trees middle canopy-animals adapted to living in trees lower canopy-shrubs rodents and buttress roots
85
characteristics of rainforest
warm wet infertile soil rainfall will quickly wash away nutrients
86
why can plants survive in the rainforest
plants can only survive with this poor soil because of rapid cycle of nutrients
87
plant adaptations of the rainforest
plants have shallow roots canopy protects soil from erosion
88
animals in the rainforest adaptations
Toucans have specialised beaks to break nuts
89
clearing of rainforest
commercial farming mineral extraction logging-to make trees into wood or paper roads-trees cleared for buildings energy
90
negative effects of deforestation
loss of biodiversity climate change soil erosion decline of tribes
91
positives of deforestation
-jobs -taxes -homes -infrastructure
92
management strategies of the rainforest
international agreements debt reduction selective logging ecotourism
93
characteristics of deserts
extreme temperatures soil does not have organic matter
94
adaptations of plants in the desert
long tap roots to reach ground water leaves adapted to reduce water loss
95
what is desertification
land gradually turning into desert
96
causes of desertification
climate change means an increase in temperature and decrease in rain leading to droughts overgrazing-all vegetation eaten overcultivation-exhausting soil fertility
97
reducing desertification
tree planting - roots bind and protects soil stone walks to prevent soil washing away shrub planting will stop soil erosion
98
Western desert opportunities (mineral extraction)
many elements are extracted for example coal and rare elements
99
western desert opportunities (tourism)
many tourists visit natural attractions such as the grand canyon -las vegas attracts over 31 million visitors
100
western desert opportunities (farming)
commercial farming takes place -irrigation canals used for large scale agricultures
101
western desert opportunities (energy)
enough solar energy is being produced to power 100,000 homes
102
western desert challenges (water)
precipitation levels are very low Hoover Dam constructed for drinking water
103
western desert challenges (inaccessibility)
access is very limited one of the only major links is route 66
104
western desert challenges (temperature)
can exceed 49 degrees leads to rapid evaporation and shortage of water
105
how are animals adapted to desert
camals have double eyelashes to protect themselves from sand fennec fox have light coloured fur to reflect sunlight and keep their bodies cool
106
saltation (coastal erosion)
bouncing motion of particles too heavy to suspend
107
suspension (coastal erosion)
particles suspended in water
108
Traction (coastal erosion)
rolled pebbles
109
Nutrient cycle
the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter
110
Meanders
a winding looping curve in the coarse of a river on soft flat flood plain
111
waterfalls
soft rock erodes more quickly undercutting hard rock which over hangs and eventually collapses , fallen rock goes into lunge pool
112
tributary
stream or river that flows into a larger river
113
sea wall
reflects the force if waves back towards sea -expensive -ugly -waves can erode it
114
drainage basin
An area drained by a major river and its tributaries
115
Gabions
wire cages full of rocks -cheap unattractive
116
groynes
built into sea to trap sediment and prevent it from being washed away -expensive -unattractive -can create erosion down the coast
117
what are bars
longshore drift causes spit to grow across a bay trapping a lake causing waves to deposit sediment due to friction with seabed
118
what are spits
Thin lines of sand deposited by long long shore drift , strong winds cause curve behind spit , salt marshes may form
119
wave cut platform
a flat area of rock of a cliff created by cliff retreat
120
what is a headland
a cliff that sticks out into sea and is surrounded by water on three sides form along discordant coastlines
121
what is a bay
a low lying inlet of land on the coast

geography paper 1 (1 decks)

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