.

Question 1

Our Brain contains how many neurons

Answer 1

10^11[100 billion] and 10614[100 trillion] connections.

Question 2

How is information is stored ?

Answer 2

By reinforcing patterns of active connections(synapses)among particular neurons.
Refer pg no 1143

Question 3

Nervous System consists of

Answer 3

Circuit of neurons and supporting cells

Question 4

The ability to sense and react originated billions of years ago in prokaryotes,enhancing survival and reproductive success in changing environment. TRUE/FALSE

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

When did animals enabled the specialized nervous system to sense environment and respond rapidly ?

Answer 5

500 Million years ago

Question 6

Define Nerves

Answer 6

The axons of multiple neurons are often bundled together called nerves.

Question 7

Define CEPHALIZATION

Answer 7

an evolutionary trend toward a clustering of sensory neurons and the inter neurons at the anterior(front) end of the body.Nerves that extend toward the posterior(rear) end enable these anterior neurons to communicate with cells elsewhere in the body .

Question 8

CNS

Answer 8

neurons that carry out integration form CNS

Question 9

PNS

Answer 9

Neurons that carry information in and out of the CNS form Peripheral nervous sysytem.

Question 10

Ganglia

Answer 10

A segmentally arranged clusters of neurons that act as relay points in transmitting information.

Question 11

complex organs have more neurons ,their behavior is regulated by more complex brain and by ventral nerve cords containing ganglia.

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

Brain and spinal cord forms ……………………………..
Nerves and ganglia are the key elements of ……….

Answer 12

CNS
PNS

Question 13

Regional specialization

Answer 13

is hallmark of both systems

Question 14

During embryonic development in vertebrates ,the central nervous system develops from the

Answer 14

The hollow dorsal nerve cord - a hallmark of the chordates .

Question 15

The cavity of the the nerve cord gives rise to the ?

Answer 15

narrow central canal of the spinal cord as well as the ventricle of the brain.

Question 16

Cerebrospinal fluid are found in

Answer 16

the canal and the ventricles of the brain.

Question 17

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed

Answer 17

In the brain by filtering arterial blood.

Question 18

Functions of the cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 18

1] supplies the CNS with nutrients and hormones
2]carries away wastes.
3]circulating through the ventricles and the central canal before draining into the veins.

Question 19

Gray matter is made up of

Answer 19

primarily neuron cell bodies

Question 20

White matter consists of

Answer 20

bundled axons

Question 21

Gray matter and white matter
which is outline of the brain ?

Answer 21

Out:Gray matter
In: White matter

Question 22

In spine which is the outline white /gray matter

Answer 22

White matter outer layer
[because it has to link the CNS to sensory and motor neurons of the PNS]

Question 23

Why whiter matter in inside the brain ?

Answer 23

because where signaling between neurons functions is
learning,
feeling emotion,
processing sensory information &
generating commands.

Question 24

Location of spinal cords

Answer 24

Inside the vertebral column known as spine.

Question 25

Function of the spinal cord

Answer 25

1.conveys information to and from the brain and generates basic patterns of locomotion. 2.It also acts as independently of the brain as part of the simple nerve circuits that produces reflexes.

Question 26

Define Reflexes

Answer 26

The body's automatic responses to certain stimuli.

Question 27

Function of reflexes

Answer 27

Reflexes protect the body by providing rapid ,involuntary responses to particular stimuli.

Question 28

Why are reflexes are rapid?

Answer 28

Because sensory info is used to activate motor neurons without the info first having to travel from the spinal cord to the brain and back . [when you touch a hot burner ; hand jerks back even before your brain processes the brain]

Question 29

Sequence Of Reflexes

Answer 29

1]sensors detect a sudden stretch & sensory neurons convey the information to the spinal cord. 2]In response to signals from the sensory neurons,motor neurons conveys signals to the quadriceps[eg.],causing it to contract and jerking the lower leg forward . 3]Interneurons in the spinal cord also receives signals from sensory neurons. 4] Motor neurons that lead to the hamstring muscle are inhibited by the interneurons. This inhibition prevents contraction of the hamstring, which would resist the action of the quadriceps. [Refer Images ]

Question 30

What is the function of PNS

Answer 30

Transmits information to and from the CNS and plays a larger role in regulating an animal's movement and its internal environment.

Question 31

Nerves are ......... for both afferent and efferent neurons.

Answer 31

Bundled

Question 32

PNS functional hierarchy

Answer 32

Refer pg no 1146

Question 33

Motor system carries signals to ?

Answer 33

Skeletal muscles

Question 34

Motor control is voluntary or involuntary ?

Answer 34

Both .

Question 35

Knee jerk is voluntary or involuntary ?

Answer 35

Involuntary as knee jerk reflex is controlled by the spinal cord.

Question 36

Autonomic nervous system is voluntary or involuntary ?

Answer 36

Regulation of smooth muscles and cardiac muscles are involuntary.

Question 37

Generally autonomic nervous system is

Answer 37

Involuntary

Question 38

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system of the autonomic nervous system regulates.....

Answer 38

Organs of cardiovascular,excretory and endocrine system.

Question 39

Enteric Nervous system

Answer 39

exerts direct and partially independent control over the digestive tract ,pancreas and gall bladder.

Question 40

Homeostasis relies on .....................

Answer 40

cooperation between the motor and autonomic nervous system.

Question 41

How does homeostasis is maintained in the body .....

Answer 41

In response to drop in the temp ,for eg. the hypothalamus signals the MOTOR SYSTEM to cause shivering ,which increase the heat production.At the same time,the hypothalamus signals AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM to constrict surface blood vessels,reducing heat loss.

Question 42

Sympathetic and Para-sympathetic divisions of the ANS has antagonist property in regulating of organ function .Give eg.

Answer 42

Para:Constricts pupil Symp: Dilates pupil

Question 43

Activation of sympathetic division

Answer 43

leads to arousal and energy generation [the fight or flight response] #Heart beats faster #Digestion is inhibited #The liver converts glycogen to glucose #Adrenal medulla increases secretion of epinephrine[adrenaline]

Question 44

Activation of parasympathetic division

Answer 44

Promotes calming and return to self-maintenance functions[rest and digestion]

Question 45

In reproductive activity,a function that is not homeostatic ,The parasympathetic complements rather than antagonizes the sympathetic division .

Answer 45

The two divisions differ not only in overall function but also in organization and signals released.

Question 46

Parasympathetic nerves exit the CNS at the base of the brain or spinal cord and form synapses in ganglia near or within an internal organ.

Answer 46

In sympathetic nerves exit the CNS midway along the spinal cord and form synapses in ganglia located just outside of the spinal cord.

Question 47

Define pre-ganglionic neuron

Answer 47

have cell bodies in the CNS and release acetylcholine as neurotransmitter

Question 48

Define Post-ganglionic neuron

Answer 48

those of parasympathetic division release acetylcholine,whereas nearly all their counterparts in the sympathetic division release nor-epinephrine.

Question 49

What factor enables the sympathetic and parasympathetic brings opp effect

Answer 49

The neurotransmitter [refer pg no 1148 fig.49.8]