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1
Q

What is Boria?

A

A popular traditional music in Penang.

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2
Q

Where is Boria believed to originate from?

A

Persia, brought to Malaysia by soldiers from South India.

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3
Q

How has Boria evolved?

A

It has been altered and developed by the Malays in Penang.

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4
Q

When was Boria first performed?

A

In the mid-19th century by Muslim soldiers from South India.

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5
Q

What event did soldiers perform Boria for?

A

To remember the Karbala incident and the death of Hussein during Muharram.

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6
Q

Who performed Boria in Penang after the soldiers?

A

Locals with South-Indian heritage known as Jawi-Pekan.

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7
Q

What occasions celebrate Boria?

A

National Day and Pesta Penang to help develop tourism.

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8
Q

What is the performance setting for rural Boria?

A

Performed on a stage not higher than a meter, with no props or stage setting.

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9
Q

What types of costumes are used in Boria?

A

Costumes vary depending on the occasion; more elaborate for larger functions.

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10
Q

How did Boria performances change in the 1950s?

A

Female performers and mixed groups began to evolve.

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11
Q

What is the role of the ‘Tukang Karang’ in Boria?

A

Stands in front facing the audience and begins singing the first verse.

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12
Q

What is the structure of the verses sung by Tukang Karang?

A

Usually structured into 4 lines, with the first two being flowery words.

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13
Q

What instruments were used in earlier Boria performances?

A

Violin, gambus, tabla, accordion, drum, cymbal, and harmonica.

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14
Q

What instruments are used in modern Boria performances?

A

Electronic guitar, accordion, drum set, tambourine, and electronic keyboard.

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15
Q

What is Dikir Barat?

A

A performance found in villages and towns in Kelantan.

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16
Q

Where did Dikir Barat originate?

A

From Malay villages in the south of Thailand.

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17
Q

What is the main function of Dikir Barat performances?

A

Mainly for entertainment.

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18
Q

What are the performers in Dikir Barat called?

A

Awok-awok, Juara/Tok Juara, Tukang Karut, and percussion players.

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19
Q

What is the role of the Awok-awok?

A

Chorus members who respond to the lead singer.

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20
Q

What does the Juara do in Dikir Barat?

A

Starts the vocal performance in an acapella style.

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21
Q

What is the Tukang Karut known for?

A

The most important soloist who composes lyrics on the spot.

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22
Q

What instruments are typically used in Dikir Barat?

A

Rebanas, gongs, gedumbak, and serunai.

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23
Q

What is Dondang Sayang?

A

A traditional singing performance involving a call-and-response format.

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24
Q

What themes are commonly found in Dondang Sayang?

A

Love, advice, appreciation, and teasing elements.

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25
What instruments accompany Dondang Sayang?
Violin, rebana, and gong.
26
What is the tonal system used in Dondang Sayang?
D major is the usual scale, with C major sometimes used.
27
What is the structure of the Dondang Sayang poem?
Strophic form based on a 4-line poem structure.
28
What is Ge Tai?
A song stage performed during pre and post WW2.
29
What is Po Te Hi?
A Chinese hand puppet show using Hokkien dialect.
30
What are the two types of Lion Dance?
Northern and Southern Lions.
31
What is Nobat?
A traditional music ensemble originating from the Middle East.
32
What instruments are used in Nobat?
Serunai, Nafiri, Gendang, and Nehara/Nagara.
33
What is Ghazal?
A type of social music performed at weddings and celebrations.
34
Where did Ghazal originate?
In Johor in the late 1800s.
35
What keeps a steady beat in Ghazal music?
The Nafiri produces a sustained tone, enriching the texture.
36
What is Ghazal?
A type of social music in Malaysia that is performed at weddings and other celebrations.
37
Why is Ghazal important at weddings in Malaysia?
It became so popular that if a wedding function does not have Ghazal performance, it is considered incomplete.
38
Where is Ghazal still popular?
Ghazal is still popular in Johor.
39
When did Ghazal originate?
It originated in Johor in the late 1800s.
40
How does Malaysian Ghazal differ from Middle Eastern and northern Indian Ghazal?
The Malaysian Ghazal is different from the ones from the Middle East and northern India.
41
What influence is believed to have affected Ghazal music?
It is believed to have gained some Portuguese influence en route to Malaysia.
42
What are the characteristics of Ghazal music?
Its music combines instruments and elements from India, Arab, Malay, and West.
43
What instruments are commonly used in Ghazal music?
Examples include harmonium and tabla (India), Gambus (Arab), Violin, guitar, maracas, and tambourine (West).
44
What scales are used in Ghazal music?
The major and minor scales are combined with the text and in poem form.
45
What rhythms are typically used in Ghazal music?
Usually uses the asli and joget rhythm.
46
What new song styles does Ghazal incorporate?
Ghazal now uses not only asli and joget song styles but also kroncong and pop.
47
How is the music of Ghazal related to storytelling?
The music of Ghazal is linked to the art of storytelling with singing, chant music accompaniment, and drama.
48
What is the tempo of a Malaysian Ghazal compared to asli?
The main pulse of a Malaysian ghazal is about twice as fast as asli tempo.
49
What is ghazal rhythm?
A basic accompaniment rhythm that is more a rhythmic framework than a strictly followed accompaniment pattern.
50
What instruments produce melody in Ghazal music?
Instruments like harmonium, gambus, and violin play the singer’s melodic version with embellishments.
51
What instruments are typically found in a Ghazal ensemble?
It has a violin, a guitar, a gambus, a tambourine, maracas, two tablas, and a harmonium.
52
What replaces the second tabla in some Ghazal performances?
A Malay rebana or gendang (or both) sometimes replaces the second tabla.
53
What role does the violin play in Ghazal music?
The violin plays the basic melody.
54
What do the guitar and gambus provide in Ghazal music?
The guitar and gambus provide counter melodies.
55
What does the harmonium typically play in Ghazal music?
The harmonium usually plays counter melodies and occasional major and minor thirds.
56
How does the tabla player contribute to Ghazal music?
The tabla player usually uses one hand to keep the basic ghazal pattern going and improvises elaborations with the other hand.
57
How are the vocal styles of Ghazal similar to asli?
The vocal style and melodies used for the ghazal are virtually identical to those of an asli.
58
What can happen to a song that begins in an asli style?
A song begun in an asli style may suddenly double in speed and shift to a ghazal-accompanying pattern.
59
What is Makyong?
Makyong is a form of Malay traditional dance theatre that combines acting, dance, singing, drama, romance, and comedy.
60
Where is Makyong believed to have originated?
Makyong is believed to have originated from the old Malay Kingdom, stretching from the Pattani region of southern Thailand through Kelantan.
61
In which regions is Makyong performed?
Makyong is performed in Terengganu, Patani, Kelantan, Kedah, Perlis, and Riau Island, Indonesia.
62
What are the purposes of Makyong?
Makyong is for entertainment and can also be for healing purposes.
63
When did Makyong exist?
Makyong existed before the Islam religion came.
64
Where was Makyong performed until the 1920s?
Makyong was performed at the royal stage in Kelantan until the 1920s.
65
How old is Makyong?
Makyong is at least 800 years old and its spread was through oral tradition.
66
When was Makyong brought to Kelantan?
Makyong was brought to Kelantan around 200 years ago and later spread to other states like Kedah.
67
What are the types of Makyong?
There are 5 types of Makyong: Makyong Pattani, Makyong Kedah, Makyong Kelantan, Makyong Laut, and Makyong Riau.
68
Who are the main characters in Makyong?
The main characters in Makyong are Pak Yong (King), Pak Yong Muda (Hero), Mak Yong (Queen), and Puteri Mak Yong (Heroine). ## Footnote These four characters are usually played by women.
69
Who are the supporting characters in Makyong?
Supporting characters include Peran (Comedian/Joker), Dayang-Dayang, ogres, and demons, usually played by men.
70
Who is the most important musician in Makyong?
The most important musician is the rebab player known as Tok Minduk, who is the leader of the ensemble.
71
How does the music start in Makyong?
The music usually starts with the rebab player for 8 to 16 bars, followed by the gendang, gong, soloist, and chorus.
72
What instruments are used in Makyong?
Instruments used in Makyong include Rebab, Gendang, Kesi, Gong, and Canang.

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