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Question 1

What levels of government create crime policy?

Answer 1

Federal, state, local.

Question 2

What is the scope of federal law?

Answer 2

Applies to federally defined crime and can apply to state and local crime.

Question 3

What do state and local laws govern?

Answer 3

Acts committed within their boundaries.

Question 4

Which branch interprets laws and creates rules?

Answer 4

Judicial branch.

Question 5

What do prosecutor policies control?

Answer 5

Eligibility for diversion and other internal actions.

Question 6

What influences the approach to crime in policy creation?

Answer 6

The philosophy of those who create the policies.

Question 7

What is the Classical Theory of crime?

Answer 7

Belief that crime is a rational choice based on cost/benefit analysis.

Question 8

Who is associated with Classical Theory?

Answer 8

Caesar Beccaria.

Question 9

What should punishment be according to Classical Theory?

Answer 9

Harsh enough to deter but not overly punitive.

Question 10

What is the focus of Positivist Theories?

Answer 10

Human behavior influenced by external forces beyond individual control.

Question 11

What do Positivist Theories propose as solutions?

Answer 11

Improving social conditions rather than harsher punishment.

Question 12

What are the two punishment philosophies derived from different beliefs?

Answer 12

Retribution and Prevention.

Question 13

What is Critical Criminology concerned with?

Answer 13

Power relations in law and the fairness of social order.

Question 14

What does the Retribution philosophy emphasize?

Answer 14

Punishment in proportion to the harm committed.

Question 15

What is the main goal of Deterrence?

Answer 15

Influencing offender decisions through punishment.

Question 16

What are the three elements that make Deterrence effective?

Answer 16

• Swift (celerity) * Certain * Severe.

Question 17

What is the focus of Rehabilitation?

Answer 17

Fixing underlying problems that lead to offending.

Question 18

What is the goal of Incapacitation?

Answer 18

Separating offenders from society to prevent further offenses.

Question 19

What is the ‘dark figure of crime’?

Answer 19

Unreported crime.

Question 20

What percentage of crime is estimated to be reported?

Answer 20

40%.

Question 21

What are the three general sources for crime statistics?

Answer 21

• Official reports * Victimization statistics * Self-reports.

Question 22

What is the best-known source of official crime data?

Answer 22

Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program.

Question 23

What does the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) aim to capture?

Answer 23

The dark figure of crime.

Question 24

What significant crime trend occurred from 1991 to 2009?

Answer 24

Decline in violent crime.

Question 25

What are mala in se crimes?

Answer 25

Morally wrong, e.g., murder, assault.

Question 26

What are mala prohibita crimes?

Answer 26

Wrong because they are prohibited, e.g., jaywalking.

Question 27

What does the Crime Control Model emphasize?

Answer 27

Repression of crime and swift processing.

Question 28

What is the focus of the Due Process Model?

Answer 28

Protecting individual rights and preventing wrongful convictions.

Question 29

What does the term 'discretion' refer to in criminal justice?

Answer 29

Decisions based on experience and judgment in applying the law.

Question 30

What role do police have in discretion?

Answer 30

Deciding whether to arrest based on various factors.

Question 31

What is the role of prosecutors in the criminal justice system?

Answer 31

Control charging decisions and plea bargains.

Question 32

What is recidivism?

Answer 32

The tendency of previously incarcerated individuals to reoffend.

Question 33

What percentage of offenders recidivate within three years?

Answer 33

43.4%.

Question 34

What is the 1st Amendment?

Answer 34

Protects freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

Question 35

What does the 1st Amendment prohibit in terms of religion?

Answer 35

Laws interfering with the establishment and exercise of religion.

Question 36

What is protected under the freedom of speech?

Answer 36

Political speech, including content that may be unpopular.

Question 37

What is the significance of mass protests in relation to the 1st Amendment?

Answer 37

Highlight the need to protect 1st Amendment rights during emergencies.

Question 38

What issues arose during the protests from May 26 to June 6?

Answer 38

Press freedom violations, including journalist arrests and assaults.