.

Question 1

➤ Chromosomes are responsible for heredity and variation. Prokaryotic chromosomes are circular and short

Answer 1

while eukaryotic chromosomes are long and linear.

Question 3

➤ Prokaryotic cells typically have a single

Answer 3

circular chromosome that’s not membrane-bound. It forms loops with the help of the nucleoid.

Question 5

➤ Eukaryotic chromosomes are enclosed in a nucleus and range from 10–50 chromosomes per cell. Human genome contains ~3 billion base pairs.

Question 7

➤ Bacteria have a single circular chromosome and may contain plasmids

Answer 7

which are small circular DNA molecules separate from the chromosome.

Question 9

➤ Viral genomes may be either DNA or RNA. Their protein coat is called a capsid.

Question 11

➤ Plasmids are small

Answer 11

circular DNA molecules

Question 13

➤ Lab plasmids typically include an origin of replication

Answer 13

selection marker (e.g.

Question 15

➤ In gene therapy

Answer 15

plasmids or viral vectors (like retroviruses or lentiviruses) are used to deliver corrected genes into human cells.

Question 17

➤ Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) can target specific genome sites to insert therapeutic genes using plasmid vectors.

Question 19

➤ Cloning involves cutting both the gene of interest and plasmid with the same restriction enzyme

Answer 19

then ligating them with DNA ligase before transformation into bacteria.