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Biochem > 01 > Flashcards

01 Flashcards

1
Q

What does compartmentalization do

A
  • helps control the relative concentration of molecules in different areas
  • increases the probability that certain reactions will occur and helps maintain homeostasis
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2
Q

What are the functions of water

A
  • dissolves and transports molecules
  • component of many chemical reactions
  • helps dissipate heat and control body temperature
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3
Q

Describe the nature of hydrogen and oxygen atoms

A

Hydrogen atoms have partial positive charge
Oxygen atoms have partial negative charge

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4
Q

Describe the nature of electrons in an H-O bond

A

Electrons of the H-O bond are not shared equally, they spend more time near the oxygen nucleus (forming a polar covalent bond)

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5
Q

Why is water a solvent

A

the polarity of water allows polar molecules to dissolve
(partial pos and partial neg atoms)

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6
Q

What are hydration shells

A

water forming hydrogen bonds with polar compounds – surrounding ions

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7
Q

TF hydrogen bonding cannot force non polar molecules together

A

False
Hydrogen bonding can be so strong that it forces non polar molecules together

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8
Q

What are electrolytes

A

minerals – anions (Cl-, HCO3-, PO42-) and cations (K+, Na+)

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9
Q

What is osmolality

A

concentration of al dissolved solutes in the blood (electrolytes, proteins, etc…)

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10
Q

What is Kd

A

Dissociation constant
Measures how easily a molecule breaks apart on its own

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11
Q

What does a higher Kd mean

A

larger Kd = more likely a molecule will be found separated

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12
Q

What is pH

A

measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

how many hydrogen ions are in the solution

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13
Q

What is the normal blood pH

A

7.35 to 7.45

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14
Q

What are acids

A

molecules that can release an H+ to a solution

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15
Q

What are bases

A

molecules that can accept an H+ from a solution

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16
Q

What is the difference between strong acids and weak acids

A

Strong acids = much more electronegative and pull the electron completely away from hydrogen, causing it to leave

Weak acids = less electronegative and are less likely to completely dissociate

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17
Q

What do weak acids dissociate into (HA)

A

H+ and the conjugate base (A-)

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18
Q

What is Ka

A

equilibrium constant
ratio between the amount of product and amount of reactant
the tendency to dissociate

larger Ka –> greater tendency to dissociate

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19
Q

What does pH=pKa mean

A

50% of the acid is dissociated

When buffer is most effective

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20
Q

What does metabolism produce

A

large quantities of acid each day

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21
Q

What are examples of buffering systems in the body to deal with metabolic acid

A
  • dihydrogen phosphate-hydrogen phosphate system
  • hemoglobin has aa that can accpet H+, other proteins in cells
  • carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system
22
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase

A

enzyme produced by RBCs and kidney cells
convert some of the CO2 generated to this useful buffer

23
Q

What is metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
What are they caused by

A

Acidosis: caused by excess production of keto acids or lactic acids, or loss of bicarbonate which may happen with excessive diarrhea

Alkalosis: occurs from ingesting basic compounds (such as bleach) or retaining bicarbonate, or excessive vomiting

24
Q

What is respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

A

Acidosis: caused by conditions where the CO2 is retained
- the patient is unable to exhale it

Alkalosis: occurs with hyperventilation due to stress, drug overdoses and fever

25
Q

What are the suffixes for single, double bonds or when group is attached to another compound

A

single bonds - “ane”
double bonds - “ene”
group attached - “yl”

26
Q

What is another word for a compound with a straight chain

A

aliphatic

“iso” prefix – when a branch is formed in a straight chain compound

27
Q

What is another word for a compound with a cyclic

A

prefix “cyclo”

benzene ring = 6-carbon compound
- reffered to as aromatic
- electrons are shared equally in these hydrocarbon structures – non-polar and very reactive

28
Q

TF carbon and hydrogen share electrons equally

A

True
form covalent bonds - very stable, great for making a strcuture, not so great for reacting with other compounds

29
Q

Which atoms form hydrogen bonds

A

SON – makes them more reactive

30
Q

What does oxidation mean

A

loss of electrons (loss of H or gain of O)

31
Q

What does reduction mean

A

gain of electrons (gain of H or loss of O)

32
Q

How do you label molecules

A

based on what is most oxidized (1)
then go right or left 23456

2 (alpha)
3 (beta)
4 (gamma)

33
Q

What are alcohols, ketones and aldehydes

A

alcohols: hydroxyl group bound to a molecule
ketones: C=O bonds in the middle of a molecule
aldehydes: C=O bonds at the end of a molecule

34
Q

What are common functional groups

A

phosphate
sulphur

35
Q

What are esters and amides

A

ester amides formed through condensation reactions –> two molecules joining together and releasing water

36
Q

What is the general structure of carbs

A

CnH2nOn

37
Q

What are the properties of monosaccharides

A

have 3 or more carbon atoms - wit ha ketone or aldehyde group and hydroxyl groups

38
Q

What are fructose and glucose

A

fructose: ketose
glucose: aldose

39
Q

how are sugars with a chiral centre designated
What is a chiral centre

A

4 different groups attached to the carbon
D- or L-

40
Q

What are D- and L- sugars

A

non-superimposable mirror images of each other
named for whether the OH farthest from the carbonyl group is the same as D- or L- glyceraldehyde

41
Q

What type of sugar are most human tisseues

A

D- sugars

42
Q

What type of sugar are proteins composed of

A

L- amino acids

43
Q

What is most common form of monosaccharide in solution

A

ring structure

44
Q

Which molecules interact in a ring structure monosacharride
How does it interact

A

carbonyl carbon (one with C=O bond) reacting with a hydroxyl group in the same molecule

oxygen from the hydroxyl group becomes part of the 5 or 6C ring and the carbonyl carbon then has an OH group attached and is “anomeric”

OH group on the anomeric carbon can react iwth an -OH or an -NH group on another molecule

45
Q

What bond is formed in ring structure monosaccharides

A

glycosidic bonds (alpha or beta)

46
Q

What are amino acids

A

molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxylic acid group

major building block of proteins

L-amino acids are used in proteins in living organisms

47
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

nitrogen containing ring structures

can readily form hydrogen bonds and accept or donate electrons as part of a ring

form bases of DNA and RNA and energy storage

48
Q

What are fatty acids
What are the different forms

A

make up lipids
long chains of hydrogens and carbons with an acidic head

can be saturated (max # of hydrogens) or unsaturated (contain one or more C=C bond)

labeled like other carbon containing molecules – starting with the most oxidized carbon

can be trans or cis

49
Q

What do triglycerides consist of

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids
- fatty acids attached to glycerol are usually different
- joined to glycerol through ester linkages and preference is shown for unsaturated fatty acids in position 2

50
Q

What is cholesterol

A

a lipid

the precursor to steroid hormones in humans and is part of plasma membranes

hydrophobic

Biochem (11 decks)

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