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EMBRYO Exam #1- Lo > 01-23: Developmental Genetics > Flashcards

01-23: Developmental Genetics Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 categories of developmental molecules?

A
  • transcription factors
  • signaling molecules
  • receptor molecules
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2
Q

What are the Homeobox-containing transcription factors?

A
  • Hox genes
  • Pax genes
  • POU genes
  • Lim protein genes
  • Dlx genes
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3
Q

What do transcription factors do?

A

turn genes on and off during different parts of development

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4
Q

What is the homeobox?

A

a highly conserved sequence of 180 nt that codes for the 60 amino acid homeodomain found in homeodomain transcription factor proteins

**homologous from one species to another

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5
Q

Where do homeobox containing genes play a major role in vertebrates?

A

with regard to cranio-caudal segmentation

-NOT ONLY along main body axis but within the development of many organs

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6
Q

Which direction are homeobox containing genes activated?

A

3’&raquo_space; 5’

**Opposite of transcription direction

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of homeobox mutations?

A
  • Loss of Function mutations

- Gain of Function mutations

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8
Q

What is the result of Loss of Function mutations of homeobox genes?

A

posterior&raquo_space; anterior transformations

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9
Q

What is the result of Gain of Function mutations of homeobox genes?

A

anterior&raquo_space; posterior transformations

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10
Q

Which parts of Drosphila contain homeotic genes?

A
  • Antennapedia complex

- Bithorax complex

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11
Q

What do T-box (Tbx) genes contain?

A

a conserved T-box coding 180-200 amino acids

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12
Q

What do T-box genes do?

A

play a role in:

  • inducing the mesodermal germ layer
  • coordinating the outgrowth of the arm or leg
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13
Q

What do Helix-Loop-Helix genes code for?

A

basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors

**Basic regions of proteins bind to DNA

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14
Q

What are the helix-loop-helix genes involved in?

A
  • Homodimerization

- Heterodimerization

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15
Q

Where are the helix-loop-helix genes important?

A

in myogenesis

**because they are involved in Homodimerization and Heterodimerization

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16
Q

What are Forkhead (Fox) genes?

A

a type of helix-loop-helix family

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17
Q

Where are Fox genes expressed?

A

In many developing organs throughout the body

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18
Q

What are zinc-finger transcription factors?

A

protein that have zinc ions bound to the polypeptide chain

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19
Q

What do zinc-finger transcription factors cause?

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A

the chain to form finger-like projections that can be inserted into the DNA helix

20
Q

What are the 2 zinc-finger transcription factor gene families?

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A
  • Sox genes

- WT1

21
Q

What is the genetic hierarchy in Drosophila?

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A
  • Maternal effect genes
  • Segmentation genes
  • Hometoic genes
22
Q

What are the 3 types of Segmentation genes?

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A
  • gap genes
  • pair-rule genes
  • segment-polarity genes
23
Q

What are the 2 types of complexes of Hox genes (Homeotic genes)?

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A
  • Antennapedia complex

- Bithorax complex

24
Q

What is the function of Maternal-effect genes?

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A

establish gradients from Anterior and Posterior poles of the egg

25
What is the function of gap genes (segmentation genes)?
define broad regions in the egg
26
What is the function of pair-rule genes (segmentation genes)?
define 7 segments
27
What is the function of segment-polarity genes (segmentation genes)?
define 14 segments
28
What is the function of homeotic genes?
determine regional characterisitcs
29
What are the representative genes of maternal-effect genes?
``` bicoid swallow oskar caudal torso trunk ```
30
What are the representative genes of gap genes (segmentation genes)?
``` empty spiracles hunchback kruppel knirps orthodenticle tailless ```
31
What are the representative genes of pair-rule genes (segmentation genes)?
``` hairy even skipped runt fushi tarazu odd paired odd skipped paired ```
32
What are the representative genes of segment-polarity genes (segmentation genes)?
``` engrailed gooseberry hedgehog patched smoothened wingless ```
33
Steps of Drosophila Life Cycle
1- Sperm and egg nuclei fuse to create single-celled DIPLOID zygote 2- Multiple nuclear divisions create the syncytium (a single multinucleate cell) 3- Nuclei migrate to the periphery of the embryo and divide several more times creating Syncytial Blastoderm 4- Cell membrane grows around each nucleus, producing later of cells that surrounds the embryo (blastoderm cellular structure) 5- Nuclei at one end of blastoderm develop into pole cells (become primordial germ cells) 6- Dorsal protein becomes concentrated in the nuclei on the ventral surface
34
Steps of Drosophila Axes and Segmentation
1- Anterior-Posterior and Dorsal-Ventral axes of embryo established 2- Number and orientation of body segments established 3- Identity of each individual segment established (by homeotic genes)
35
Where is the bicoid mRNA localized?
at the anterior end of the egg **becomes future anterior pole
36
What does the bicoid protein form?
a gradient with high concentration at the ANTERIOR end **Induces development of the anterior structures of the fly
37
What are the Anterior/Posterior poles established by?
bicoid protein
38
Where is the Nanos mRNA localized?
at the posterior end of the egg
39
After fertilization, Nanos mRNA is translated into Nanos protein. Where is Nanos protein concentrated?
at the posterior end of the egg
40
What does Nanos protein do?
inhibits formation of anterior structures
41
How many segments make up the thoracic region?
3 segments
42
How many segments make up the abdominal region?
8 segments
43
What happens when there is a mutation in the even-skipped genes?
even-numbered segments are deleted left with 1,3,5,7
44
What happens when there is a mutation of gooseberry?
posterior half of each segment is replaced with the anterior half of the adjacent segment
45
The first genes that are expressed are located on which end of the chromosome?
3' end
46
Steps of Drosophila development
``` 1- Single celled embryo 2- Egg-polarity genes 3- Determination of major body areas 4- Gap genes 5- Regional sections of embryo defined 6- Pair-rule genes 7- Individual segments defined 8- Segment polarity genes 9- Polarity of individual segments defined 10- Homeotic genes 11- Identity of individual segments defined ```

EMBRYO Exam #1- Lo (12 decks)

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