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Biology Final > 01 > Flashcards

01 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Mechanism

A

Mechanical explanation of life, organism is like a “living machine”

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2
Q

Neomechanism

A

Physical & chemical explanation of life

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3
Q

Vitalism & Neovitalism

A

Organism has body & soul

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4
Q

Holism

A

Hierarchy of living systems

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5
Q

Phylogenesis

A

Taxa

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6
Q

PhyloCode

A

New formal code of nomenclature, under development, deal with clades

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7
Q

Taxonomy

A

Practice & science of classification

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8
Q

Living Systems

A

Hierarchically organized open self-organizing system that have the special characteristics of life aiming to maintain its existence & to reproduce itself

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9
Q

General Characteristics of Living Systems

A 
Determined in space & time
Genetic & structural unity, hierarchical organization
(Reproduction)
Open thermodynamical systems: flow of matter, energy & information
Metabolism
Autoregulation: feedback system
Reactivity to external stimuli
Ontogeny 
Phylogeny (evolution)
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10
Q

Big Bang Theory

A

Theory of how the universe was created from a cosmic explosion that threw matter in all directions
10-20 billion years ago

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11
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Aristoteles

Life spontaneously evolved from nonliving things

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12
Q

Biogenesis

A

Present theory

Living things come only from other living things

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13
Q

Primordial Soup Model

A

Earth’s atmosphere was made of gases: ammonia, hydrogen, methane & water vapour

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14
Q

Stanley L. Miller

A

Demonstrated that substances present in living things could come from nonliving materials in the environment

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15
Q

Stanley L. Miller Experiment

A

Reduced mixture of ammonia, hydrogen, methane & water

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16
Q

Eobiont (protobiont)

A

Primitive living system

Aggregates of molecules surrounded from environment

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17
Q

Viruses

A

Non-living form of life
Contain nucleic acid + protein coat
Replicate themselves only by infecting a host cell
Lytic/lysogenic cycle

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18
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Infect specific bacteria

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19
Q

DNA Viruses

A

Enter host via endocytosis, release by lysis or budding

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20
Q

RNA Viruses

A

4 different mode of replication based on polarity of RNA & number of strands

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21
Q

Reverse transcribing viruses (retroviruses)

A

Replicate by reverse transcription (enzyme transcriptase)

ssRNA

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22
Q

Stage of Viral Replication

A 
Attachment 
Penetration
Synthesis of NA & proteins
Maturation
Release
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23
Q

Viroids

A 
Smaller than virus
Short, circular ssRNA without protein coat
Some are ribozymes 
"Escaped introns"
Plant pathogen
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24
Q

Virusoids

Study These Flashcards
A

Circular ssRNA without protein

Classified as satellites (can infect plants in conjunction with an helper virus)

25
Prions
Infectious agents composed ONLY of protein Affect brain & other neural tissue Cause inherited transmissible degenerative spongiform encephalopathy PrPC & PrPSc
26
Modern Cell Theory
All known living things are made up of cells Cell is structural & functional unit of all living things All cells come from pre-existing cells by division All cells are basically the same in chemical composition All cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division All energy flow of life occurs within cells
27
Modern Cell Theory EXCEPTIONS
Viruses are considered by some to be alive, yet they are not made up of cells !st cell did not originate from a preexisting cell
28
Prokaryotes
``` Primarily evolved organisms Unicellular, 1-10 um Nucleoid consisting of circular bacterial chromosome (circular dsDNA without histones) 70s ribosomes Non-mitotic cell division Autotrophs & heterotrophs ```
29
Eubacteria
Murein cell wall | AA formylmethionin initiating translation
30
Archea
Pseudomurein/protein/no cell wall AA methionin initiating translation Extremophiles
31
Eukaryotic Cell
``` Evolved 1.5 billion years ago Unicellular, multicellular organisms >10um Nucleus with chromosomes (linear dsDNA + histones) 80s ribosomes Mitotic cell division ```
32
Fungal Cells
Mitochondria Chitin (cell wall) Heterotrophs
33
Plant Cells
Mitochondria & chloroplasts Cellulose (cell wall) Photoautotrophs
34
Animal Cells
Mitochondria NO cell wall Heterotrophs
35
Hierarchy (to cell)
``` Molecule Macromolecule Supramolecular complex Cell organelle Cell ```
36
Cell Organelle
Compartment limited by membrane
37
Nucleus
Spheroidal organelle separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope with 2 membranes
38
Nuclear Pores (Nucleus)
Channels through envelope composed of proteins (nucleoporins) Allow free passage of small molecules & ions, large molecules are transported actively
39
Nuclear Lamina (Nucleus)
Networks of intermediate filaments on internal face of envelope, mechanical support, anchoring sites for chromosomes
40
Nuclear Matrix (Nucleus)
Protein-containing fibrilar network
41
Nucleoplasm (Nucleus)
Viscous liquid, similar to cytoplasm
42
Nucleolus
Densely-stained structure in nucleus, no membrane Synthesis of rRNA & assemble ribosomes Synthesis of tRNA
43
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle found in eukaryotic cells One membrane Interconnected network of tubules, vesicles & cisternae
44
rER
Covered with ribosomes Membrane is continuous with outer layer of nuclear envelope, no continuous membrane with GA Synthesis of protein & targeting it to their destinations
45
sER
Connected to nuclear envelope Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, drug detoxification Storage of calcium ions
46
Golgi Apparatues
Organelle found in eukaryotic cells Dictyosom (in plants) Onemembrane Composed of membrane cisternae & number of spherical vesicles
47
Exocytotic vesicles
Vesicle with proteins for extracellular release move towards the plasma membrane, fuse & release the contents = constitutive secretion
48
Secretory Vesicles
Vesicle with proteins for extracellular release are stored in the cell After a signal, they move towards the membrane, fuse & release the contents = regulated secretion
49
Lysosomal Vesicles
Vesicle with proteins for the lysosome fuses with the late endosome, then the contents are transferred to the lysosome
50
Lysosome
Spherical organelles with a single layer membrane, bud from the membrane of GA, in all animal cells, numerous in WBCs Digestion of waste products, fats, carbohydrates, proteins into simple compounds which are again used,etc.
51
Vacuoles
One central or several vacuoles surrounded by tonoplast, in plant cells Contain water, enzymes, ions, salts, toxins, pigments Maintain turgor, enable cell to change its shape, maintain acidic internal pH, remove unwanted substances from cell, isolate harmful materials, push contents of cytoplasm against cellular membrane, chloroplasts are closer to light, role in autophagy
52
Food Vacuoles
Used by some protists & macrophages in phagocytosis
53
Contractile vacuole
Used to pump excess water out of the cell to reduce osmotic pressure & keep the cell from cytolysis
54
Peroxisomes
Eukaryotes, single membrane Originate from ER, self-replicate by enlarging & dividing Contain oxidative enzymes for oxidative reactions Decomposition of biohazardous chemicals & breakdown of fatty acid, production of bile acids
55
Mitochondria
5 compartments (outer/inner membrane, intermembrane space, cristae, matrix) Cellular power plants - generates ATP by oxidative phosphorylation in inner membrane Contains several copies of circular dsDNA 70s ribosomes
56
Chloroplast
In plant cells, algae, some protists 5 compartments (outer/inner membrane, intermembrane space, stroma, thylakoid space) Conduct photosynthesis & generates ATP by photosynthetic phosphorylation on the thylakoid membrane Contains several copies of circular dsDNA 70s ribosomes
57
Endosymbiosis
Theory that explains evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells, explains the origins of organelles (mitochondria & chloroplasts) in eukaryotic cells
58
Evidence of Endosymbiosis
Mitochondria & Chloroplast: Double membrane Own circular DNA Prokaryotic ribosomes (70s)
59
Cytosol (Cytoplasm)
Internal fluid of cell with pH 7 "Soup" of: water, dissolved ions, small molecules, large water-soluble molecules Prokaryotes: All chemical reactions take place in cytosol Eukaryotes: Cytosol surrounds the cell organelles

Biology Final (1 decks)

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